L’element Iniciador (Inr)

A number of ITS examples have already been presented in Section ‎2.4. In the following, more than thirty examples of ITS systems will be listed. Their services and applications are mainly exploited and utilised to achieve their invention objective, and some of these examples are used in this study:

ITS Design Function

Safety Cameras To remind motorists not to exceed the speed limit [19]

Portable Collision Avoidance System (PCAS)

In order to provide reliable and precise traffic information. It is noted that we can deliver the information in a low rate while employing the PCAS [33]

Inductive Loop Detection

Basically, we can account how many cars used this road. In addition, it helps to measure other important road variables such as speed, length, and type of vehicles same as camera and other sensors are used [16]. Similar work has also been reported elsewhere [34]

Queue-end Warning System

It predicts queue-end location and then informs the drivers. As a result, the rear-end collisions can be avoided [35]

Automated Speed Enforcement (ASE)

Automated Speed Enforcement (ASE) systems combine radar with cameras to enforce speeding laws. A vehicle that is speeding is detected by radar, which triggers a camera to take a photograph or digitally records the license plate number, and the driver is issued a citation, usually through the mail. ASE provides a cost-effective method to improve speed enforcement and allows police officers to focus on other enforcement priorities [30]

A 98 B-Line Rapid Bus Service

This system could provide all the bus service information which might consist of the real-time of the trip, the traffic situation and all priority information are presented through this service [36]

Transit Signal Priority

This system is able to recognize the bus when it enters the junction, and then, the signal could be changed from red to green or extend time of the green signal if it is possible regarding to other traffic. This could be much affect by reducing the time for all riders [37]

In-Car Switched Ethernet Network without Prioritization

This example explains the importance of Internet Protocol (IP), which is the fundamental of the existing real time communication, especially which could be located in car network. This protocol can play a vital role as a technology transmitter that introduced between several different in-car network rules such as IEEE 802.3 Ethernet [38]

Continuous Air interface Long and Medium range (CALM)

Provides continuous communications between a vehicle and the roadside using a variety of communication media, including cellular, 5 GHz, 63 GHz and infra-red links [39]

Video in automotive safety systems

Car safety could be supporting by using video-based systems, this system is applied through high- performance media operations. These sensors could be interacted with other car parts such as engine and braking, and provide all information in order to avoid the problem or decrease the damage at least [40]

Advanced Parking Information System

Electronic signs provide information about the number of space available in some parks, the allocation of parks, and all other information which is really useful especially for new visitors [41]

Secure Automotive On-Board Protocols

It is worth noting that each vehicle contains of electronic devices which have being necessary controlling by appropriate software that has been usually updated. Therefore, a high level of secured process is requested such as on-board security architecture [42]

Real-World Measurements of Non-Line-of-Sight Reception Quality at Intersections

A task of reducing of accident is taken into account by Vehicular Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC). It presents cross-traffic assistance as an example to achieve the aim. DSRC suggests using a regular Cooperative Awareness Messages (CAM). Therefore, the selection was using 5.9GHz because of a‎high‎frequency‎it‎has.‎The‎result‎of‎the‎test‎was‎“the‎ collected data shows that NLOS reception is possible. Reception rates stay mostly well above 50% for distances of 50 meters to intersection center with blocked‎LOS”‎[39] and [43]

Delivering Broadband Internet Access for High Speed Trains Passengers

Providing an internet access services on high speed train. These solutions are supported by an internal project, and Mobile Router in Multiple Access. Moreover, a company such as Orange contributed to maximize the efficiency of internet connectivity services by providing some technical infrastructure facilities, and further evolution of the mobile router towards ITS architecture is participated as well [44]

Towards Standardization of In- Car Sensors

In this example, to obtain homogeneity across the stakeholders, it has been suggested to use the same microchip in the vehicles. Hence, this could contribute to increase the readability of helping the operators, managers, practitioners and designers of the transportation system [45]

Fully integrated Intelligent Transportation Systems

Such as vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) and vehicle-to- vehicle (V2V) integration, enable communication among assets in the transportation system, Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA) [30] and [31]

Train Tracking and Shadowing Estimation Based on Received Signal Strength

It is useful, it presents an alternative method especially when the GPS failure to continue with system. It is based on radio communication system through receiving signal strength (RSS) by several mobile stations placed on top of different carriages of the train [46]

Count-Down Signal

This device provides a conventional signal. The pedestrian knows the time remains to allow crossing through this signs [56]

The Media Independent Handover (MIH)

IEEE 802.21 protocol has been used in railway system to support a highly frequent, repeated and foreseeable handovers between different technologies. This protocol provides a high quality handovers among heterogeneous IEEE 802 systems and with cellular systems also. The main aim of this contribution is to build a seamless layer which can provide independence to the application layers from the radio access technology underneath. IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.16 are considered in this application [48]

iRide

A Cooperative Sensor and IP Multimedia Subsystem Based Architecture and Application for ITS Road Safety: A description is provided for an application that has been used to inform the vehicle drivers about any serious situation that could be appeared on their road, the application is called iRide (intelligent ride). It is based on collection of a comprehensive real data from traffic users by using sensors. Also, it could be worked when the driver is able to connect with the infrastructure sensors. The concept of this application is based on the prediction of the road dangerous conditions [55]

Direct Train to Train

Propagation Channel in the 70 cm UHF-Band

Beside different operational conditions like front, rear, and flank approaches of trains, it has been investigated several topological scenarios on both, single and double track sections along the line. We will also discuss the observed characteristic changes in narrow band signal attenuation and Doppler spectra for passages through forests, hilly areas, stations and a tunnel. The outcomes of the first workshop about direct communication between railway vehicles are described in this application. The aim of this work is to determine the propagation channel in case of direct communication between railway vehicles. The investigation is towards different operational conditions like front and rear approach [57]

Wireless Protocol Design for a Cooperative Pedestrian

Protection System

It is based on using a set of sensor technology which able to impact mainly on traffic safety. In addition, a secondary radar is used which works on an idea by providing a communication signals which enables localization of objects with simultaneous data transmission of the pedestrian and vulnerable road users (VRU). An architecture approach of the system and the fundamental parameters of the current wireless are introduced in this work. This project is designed to support the IEEE 802.11p and WAVE protocols [58]

Interoperability Testing Suite for C2X Communication Components

A set of processes to acquire the performance level between the C2X communications. Some equipment have been taken part, such as interoperability test purposes on radio communication equipment [47]

Car2X-Communication OR

Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANET)

VANET is a technology that uses based on moving cars as nodes in a network to create a mobile network. VANET turns every participating car into a wireless router or node [49]. Inter-vehicular communication (e.g. VANET – Vehicular Ad hoc Networks, V2V, V2I) can be used to improve the traffic condition (To develop the safety, traffic efficiency and infotainment related applications). Intelligent Transportation System becomes an embedded of life style. Therefore, Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) communications are one of the main goals of ITS managers and has been proved that it is driving innovation in vehicles and transportation. This example presents a simulator that integrates a VANET simulator and a driving simulator Therefore, the impacts of driver as well as the vehicular network will be incorporated in the simulator performance [50], [51] and [52]