Elementos de la educación religiosa que fortalecen la religiosidad en la Institución Educativa de Los Laureles

CARNELL, E.J.1_{, DORE, A.J.}1_{, MISSELBROOK, T.H}.2_{, SUTTON M.A.1 & DRAGOSITS, U.}1

1 _{Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Edinburgh, UK; 2 Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, UK}

INTRODUCTION

The effects of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition are evident in terrestrial ecosystems worldwide, with eutrophication and acidification leading to significant changes in species composition. In the UK, 62% of sensitive habitats are estimated to receive N input in excess of critical loads (2012-14 data).

Substantial reductions in N deposition from nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions have been achieved in

recent decades. By contrast, UK ammonia (NH3) emissions from agriculture have not decreased

substantially and are typically highly spatially variable, potentially making efficient mitigation more challenging. Current exceedance levels mean that the UK will struggle to meet national and international biodiversity commitments, in particular for sites designated under the Habitats Directive. The work here presents an approach for identifying the main atmospheric N sources contributing to

elevated NH3 concentrations and N deposition at sensitive sites (adapted from Dragosits et al. 2015

and Carnell et al. 2017). The approach has been applied to all Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) in Northern Ireland (NI), but the approach is generally applicable to other regions and natural habitat

designations. Ammonia concentrations throughout NI are estimated to exceed >1 µg m-3 _{and therefore}

exceed the critical level for lichens, mosses and other lower plants. Approximately 50 % of the area of

NI has NH3 concentrations above 3 µg m-3, which is in exceedance of the critical level for higher-plants.

In addition to the national scale analysis, five sites were also assessed in more detail using a local database to supplement the national assessment.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The main emission sources contributing to N deposition at each SAC were estimated using modelled source attribution data. Source attribution data are derived by performing multiple model runs of an atmospheric transport and deposition model, with each source type removed in turn. N deposition attributed to individual emission source categories (such as agriculture, road transport etc.) or individual large point sources (such as power stations) can then be calculated as a proportion of total deposition to each model grid square. Using these data it is possible to estimate the main contributors to the total N deposition at each designated site.

Agricultural NH3 emissions were also estimated for a 2 km area surrounding each of the designated

sites, using 2015 agricultural census data. Buffer zones around SACs were created to estimate the

agricultural NH3 emission density for the immediate area surrounding the SACs, indicating the average

intensity of the N-emitting agricultural activities, and to determine all major agricultural sectors

contributing to emissions within these zones. UK average NH3 emission factors (EFs) from the

agricultural emission inventory (Misselbrook et al., 2015) were applied at the holding level data to estimate emission densities surrounding each SAC.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The analysis of the UK source attribution dataset for SACs in Northern Ireland shows that diffuse agricultural activities pose a significant threat to most sites in Northern Ireland. On average, agriculture contributes ~59 % of total N deposition (to low-growing semi-natural features) received by SACs, and contributes ~90 % of the N deposition from locally depositing species. A substantial proportion of SACs

particular activities associated with beef farming (Figure 1). The refined methodology applied to the five example sites enabled a reliable distinction of the main threats from atmospheric N (e.g. diffuse agriculture, point sources, roads, etc.) to sensitive habitats and species.

Figure 1 -– Estimated contributions from main agricultural sectors to emissions in areas immediately surrounding SACs in Northern Ireland, which have terrestrial designated features (56 sites). The size of each pie chart is

proportional to the estimated local NH3 emission density surrounding each site (< 2 km where data licensing

conditions are met, and up to 5 km in extensive agricultural regions). The category ‘other’ refers to fertiliser emissions and all livestock sectors which are disclosive (i.e. data points from less than five agricultural holdings) or a category that contributes less than 5% of the total.

CONCLUSION

The biggest threat to Northern Ireland’s SACs is estimated to come from diffuse agriculture and, in particular, activities associated with cattle farming. Sites with high agricultural emission densities of >

30 kg N ha-1 _yr-1 _{across the surrounding area are predominantly affected by emissions from dairy, beef}

and poultry farming. The more detailed analysis applied to the five example sites enabled a relatively clear assessment of whether local mitigation measures were likely to be worth considering for targeted mitigation at a site, and/or whether wider regional or national/international efforts would be required to benefit the site.

Acknowledgements: This work was financially supported by the Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs (DAERA), Northern Ireland.

REFERENCES

Carnell E.J., Misselbrook T.H., Dore A.J., Sutton M.A. and Dragosits U. (2017) A methodology to link national and local information for spatial targeting of ammonia mitigation measures. Atmospheric Environment, 163, pp 195-204. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.05.051

Dragosits U., Carnell E.J., Jones L., Rowe E., Hall J.R., Dise N., Dore A.J., Tomlinson S.J., Sheppard L., Reis S., Bealey W., Braban C.F., Misselbrook T.H., Stevens C., O’Shea L., Smyntek P. and Sutton M.A. (2015) Identification of Potential “Remedies” for Air Pollution (nitrogen) Impacts on Designated Sites (R.A.P.I.D.S.). Defra project AQ0834. 59pp (main report) + 11 appendices

Misselbrook T.H., Gilhespy S.L., Cardenas L.M., Williams J. and Dragosits U. (2015) Inventory of

Ammonia Emissions from UK Agriculture 2014. Inventory submission report. Defra Contract SCF0102. Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, Devon EX20 2SB. 38 pp

FEASIBILITY OF USING INDUSTRIAL ANION EXCHANGE RESIN TO REMOVE NITRATE FROM TILE