CAPITULO II MARCO TEORICO
DISCRIMINACIÓN DE FALLAS A TIERRA
3.5 EMPLEO DE TRANSFORMADORES PARA EL ATERRAMIENTO DE UN SISTEMA CON NEUTRO AISLADO
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its resolution of I
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demanding a material increase in the strength of the Supreme and Provincial Councils# Its proposals provided for the election of not less than one-half of the members and for the nomination of not more than one-fourth of officials and of the same number of officials or non-officials. The Congress suggested that the members of the Local Councils should be elected by local bodies. The Chamber of Commerce and Universities were also given representation in certain Provinces. The members of the Supreme Council were to be elected by the elected members of the Provincial Councils. As regards thefunctions of the enlarged Councils* it was suggested that they should be invested with power to deal with all legislative measures and all
financial questions including the budget. Information regarding matters of foreign policy* military strategy or of such a nature as could not be supplied consistently with public security might be declined by the Government. The executive was to possess the power of overruling the decision of the majority* but a full exposition of the grounds on which , such power was exercised was to be published. It was further provided that the overruled majority could represent the matter to the Standing Committee of the Commons^
In 1890 Charles Bradlaugh submitted two Bills for the reform of the Councils# The proposals of his first Bill had been fully discussed by the Congress of 1889, which he had attended. The First Bill provided for an enlarged Supreme Council consisting of not less than 80 members,
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half of whom were to he elected by the electoral bodies of the various Provinces. Members were to be elected or nominated for a period of
three years. Regular sessions were to be held from December to March. All legislative measures and financial questions including the Budget were to be submitted to the Council. The Bill invested the Councils with power to move resolutions on all matters except those involving foreign policy* military strategy or such interests as could not be disclosed in public interest. The composition and functions of the
/
Provincial Councils were also based on the same principles^
Bradlaugh* s Bill of November 1890 was somewhat different. It provided for the election by ballot of at least one-third and not more than half of the members of Councils for a period of three years. The right of franchise was to be conferred on not less than two per cent of the people. The Councils were to be invested with power to discuss the budget* to ask questions* and to pass resolutions. Members could also divide the Council on any financial discussion. An important provision of the Bill was that the regulations for the election of members were to
2
be made by the heads of governments.
In 1890 and again im 1892 Sir William Plowden introduced a Bill which provided that the village nanchayats should be reorganised for purposes of election. They were to elect their representatives to sub division councils* which in their turn had the right to elect members to the District Councils. Each district council was entitled to select by
1 Pari. Papers* 7* (1890). 2 Pari. Papers* V* (1890-91).
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"ballot one member for the Provincial Council provided that the population of the district was not less than two millions. Districts with less population were to he grouped. Each Provincial Council was to select from among its representative members , one representative for the Central Council on the basis of one member for ten millions of population. The Bill conferred on the Councils power to ask questions and discuss the
annual financial statement^
These bills had only a very small number of supporters and did not go beyond a first reading. All the three provided for an increase
in the size and functions of the Councils and the introduction of the elective principle. But none of them sought to establish legislative control over the executive. Even Bradlaugh1 s Bills, which had the full support of the national Congress, did not provide for a majority of
elected members in the Councils. What the Congress stressed most was the recognition of the elective principle in the choice of members.
The Central and Provincial Councils were reorganised according to the regulations framed in 1895. During 1894-98, excepting some adjust ment of seats and the establishment of the Punjab and Burma Councils in 1897, no important changes were introduced. In Bombay the local boards in the Central Division were substituted as a nominating body for the Karachi Chamber of Commerce. In Bengal one seat was withdrawn from those allotted to the municipalities and was transferred to the landholders.
1 The Bill fixed the maximum number of Provincial representatives on the Central Council, Bengal, the N.W.P. Madras, Bombay, the Punjab, and the Central Provinces were entitled to send not more than 6, 4, 5, 2, 2, and 1 respectively. Pari. Papers, iii, (1892).
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In 1898 the Secretary of State inquired whether the regulations called for any amendment, This inquiry was in response to the British Indian Association* s allegation that the regulations had a tendency to give undue preponderance in the Councils to the professional classes*
and especially to the legal profession^ The Government of India consulted the Local Governments on this question. The Madras Government* s view
was that all the important classes had been represented and therefore the regulations called for no amendment* It also pointed out that though all the five recommended members belonged to the legal profession, no better representation, under the circumstances, of the rural classes could be
2
secured* The Government of Bengal emphasised that one seat should be transferred to the landholders. The Lieutenant Governor of t5ae H.W.P. pointed out that all the important classes had been represented, and added that the representation of the Muslims and the landowning classes had been provided in each case out of the two seats reserved to the
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Government. He was also not in favour of any modification in the system. The Government of Bombay pointed out that the municipalities and district boards had been invariably represented by the lawyers, and was of opinion
4 that the regulations had worked well and no changes were necessary#
The Government of India was also satisfied with the representation
5
of the classes in the Supreme Council. Thus the Secretary of State's
1 Pub* Be s. to India* H
0
.I57
,15
Sept. 1898.2 From Madras to Govt, of India, Ho.7,
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Jan. 1899. 5 H.W.P. to Govt, of India, Ho. 16, 7 Jan. 1899.4 Bombay to the Govt, of India, Ho.llJ, 12 April. 1899. 5 Pub. Des. from India, Ho.42, 6 July. 1899.
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inquiry resulted in no amendment except in the transfer of one seat from the municipalities to the landholders in Bengal, which was to he filled hy recommendation.
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Until I
885
only three Local Councils had heen created. The decision with regard to the establishment of Councils in certain other Provinces, though taken much earlier, fell a victim to many postponements. The reason was that the Government of India did not follow, in thisrespect, a settled policy. In December 1859 Lord Canning recommended 1
councils only for Madras and Bombay* but in 1861 he revised his views and proposed that each Presidency should have a legislative council, and that the Supreme Government should be invested with power to create councils
2
for any Province or Chief Commissioner ship. Sir Bartle Prere suggested that in the Forth-Western Provinces and the Punjab local councils,
composed of principal officers, and presided over by the executive heads, would legislate better than the Supreme Council or the Provincial heads.
He further proposed that the heads of Provinces in concurrence with their councils should be left to decide the time and manner of appointing non officials* In another minute he suggested that the Governor-General1 s Legislative Council should have power to pass laws for the purpose of constituting councils provided that not less than one-third of their members were non-officials?
1 Des. from India (H.D.), No. 5*'9 Dec. 1859. 2 Des. from India (H.D.), Ho.2A* 15 1861.
3 Frere’s minutes of 16 March 1860 and 29 Dec. 1860.
Frere said that though it was difficult for some time to provide
councils for the North-Western Provinces, the Punjab, Nagpur and Pegu on the model proposed for older Provinces, he would have preferred to have the assistance of a *darbar* of Indians of rank and experience.
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Sir Charles Wood was in agreement with these views and the proposals of the Government of India* He said in Parliament that the Governor-General would he empowered* with the sanction of the Secretary of State, to create a Council for the North-Western Provinces or the Punjab, or any other part of India, and also remarked that even Pegu,
1 when ripe for such a change, would he better administered with a council*
2
Accordingly, the Act of 1861 contained the necessary provisions* In his covering despatch Sir Charles Wood asked the Government of India to
establish a council for Bengal with as little delay as possible* and left it to the latter to establish councils for the North-Western Provinces and the Punjab "either with it, or at such future periods as your Lordship in Council may deem expedient"* But it took the North-Western Provinces twenty-five years and the Punjab and Burma thirty-five years to have councils of their own. The delay was due to the attitude of general indifference, and sometimes to the opposition of the Governcrs-General and their Councils and the Provincial heads.
The question which had been practically settled provoked a good deal of controversy in 1868* This followed in the wake of the Orissa Famine of 1865-66. , The Bengal Administration came in for much criticism for mishandling the situation. Sir Stafford Northcote invited the
opinion of the Government of India on matters relating to the Bengal
Administration* including the necessity of forming an executive council in
1 Hansard* CLX111, 644. 2 24 & 25 Viet., c.67, s.44.