ENSAYO DE ESFUERZOS A COMPRESIÓN

Firstly, methods of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to filtrate evaluation index are applied and evaluation index system is constructed (Liu et al. 2003). Then, vector resemblance-degree (VRD) method is adopted, and sample data of systematic capacity index to confirm index weight is used (Jiao and Yang2006). Finally, the method of multi-objective linear function is adopted to calculate comprehensive evaluation standard values and index values of all levels (Song et al.1999; Xie 2004).

The evaluation index of rural landscape recreation quality is decomposed of several concrete targets which can be called ‘Rule’. The second layer of evaluation index is obtained by adopting analytic hierarchy process (AHP), optimizing and synthesizing original projects of evaluation index system. The, third and fourth layers of evaluation index can be confirmed in turn.

Target layer is rural landscape recreation quality evaluation.

The second layer is rule layer, including three aspects of rural landscape recreation: ecology quality, aesthetics quality and facility quality.

Rural landscape ecology quality analyses the rural landscape as an ecosystem taken into account the degree to which the landscape maintains

Undoubtedly, ecosystem is the ultimate foundation for the sustainability of rural landuse and rural landscape recreation. However, ecology is not usually considered as a differentiated system, sometime it can be said that the ecology system is “the forgotten aspect” in the rural landscape recreation quality assessment. It includes ecological stable capacity and environmental recreation value.

Rural landscape aesthetics quality mainly focuses on the rural landscape visual property, including man-made elements, such as historical scenic sites, cultural features and traditional knowledge (heritage value.), physical and biological resources (Daniel and Vining1983; Amir et al. 1990). Direct method and indirect method were combined to assess the quality of rural landscape aesthetics (Briggs and France 1980).

Rural landscape facilities quality takes into account rural area infrastructure and recreational facilities, is it convenient to access recreational locations, or is it can provide more recreational locations to travelers. Thus, it includes both the convenient degree of rural recreational facilities and amount of recreational facilities.

The three evaluative dimensions (ecology quality, aesthetics quality, and facilities quality) have enough capacity for rural landscape recreation quality assessment, because they include most of the elements contributing to the values of the rural landscape recreation quality. However, other more abstract dimension, such as the ethic or politic, is not correlated with the quality of rural landscape recreation directly, so it can be ignored.

The third layer is the index layer C, namely each evaluation rule is concretely decided by different factors. The fourth layer is the index layer D, each evaluation factor is expressed by concrete index. The detailed evaluation indexes system of rural landscape recreation quality is shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1 Evaluation indexed system of rural landscape recreation quality

The calculating methods for original values of level D indexes are shown as follows:

1. Ratio of natural landscape coverage (D1):

n n t

R  S S

Where, ^Rn: ratio of natural area coverage; ^Sn, all of natural landscape area; ^St: total of research area .

2. Ratio of agricultural landscape area(D2):

a a t

R  S S

Where, ^Ra : ratio of agricultural landscape coverage; ^Sa , all of agricultural landscape area; ^St: total of research area.

3. Ratio of vegetation coverage(D3):

v v t

R  S S

Where, ^Rv: ratio of vegetation coverage; ^Sv: all of vegetation area; ^St: total of research area .

4. Ratio of forest (D4):

f f v

R  S S

Where, ^Rf : ratio of forest coverage; ^Sf : all of forest area; ^Sv: all of

The degree of soil erosion is divided into five grades according to “soil erosion classification standard (SL190- 96), China”, namely, very slight erosion, slight erosion, medium erosion, serious erosion, very serious erosion.

e e t

R  S S

Where,^Re: ratio of soil erosion; ^Se: the soil erosion area above medium erosion grade (including medium erosion, serious erosion and very serious erosion), ^St: total of research area .

7. Water quality index(D7)：

Water quality is divided into five grades according to Chinese national standard of “environmental quality standard for surface water (GB3838-2002)”, the first grade is used as standard value.

8. Air quality index (D8):

Air quality index is divided into three grades according to Chinese national standard of “Ambient air quality standard (GB3095-1996)”, the first grade is used as standard value.

9. Sound quality index (D9):

Sound quality index is divided into five grades according to Chinese national standard of “Noise Standard of Environmental Noise of Urban Area (GB3096-93)”, the first grade is used as standard value.

10. Landscape diversity index (D10):

Where, ^Pi is the proportion of the rural landscape type i in patch type i, and n is the number of patch types.

11. Landscape dominance index (D11):

max 2

Where, D is landscape dominance index, ^Pi is the proportion of area of rural landscape type i in area of all rural landscape, n is the number of all rural landscape types, ^Hmaxis the landscape maximum diversity index.

12. Landscape fragmentation index (D12):

Landscape fragmentation indicates the degree of division in the landscape, reflecting the area heterogeneity of landscape patches.

1 ( _p 1)

1.almost flat; 2.slightly wave; 3.hill; 4.some mountains and 5.mountains dominate the scene.

14. Scenic spot famousness (D14):

Scenic spot famousness refers to the famous degree of rural landscape, such as: historical tree (more than 100 years old), national protecting plant or animal, historical site: ancient building, ancient tomb, et al., typical traditional rural village. According to Chinese national standard of “landscape and famous scenic standard (GB50298—1999), it is divided into five degrees:

super national grade, first national grade, second national grade, third national grade, and ordinary.

15. Rural landscape richness (D15):

Rural landscape types includes woodland, old rural villages, agriculture, special recreational area, water et al., in a certain area with more types of rural landscape and more beautiful landscape vision. It is divided five grades: <2, 2-4, 4-6, 6-8, >8

16. Color diversity (D16):

Color is very important for vision. Color diversity includes color types, color contrast and color compatibility. Color types: one color, two colors, three or more colors; Color Contrast: weak, certain, clear. Color compatibility:

weak certain, clear. The color diversity can be divided into five grades, from worse to better, by integrating all attributes of color.

17. Water diversity (D17):

Water is a significant element for rural aesthetics. Usually the rural landscape artistic quality is affected by water deeply. There are two factors of water diversity, one is water types, mainly including: river, stream, lake/

reservoir, marsh, sea et al.

Another is amount of water, it can be assessed by ratio of amount water：

<5%, 5-10%, 10-15%, 15-20%, >20%.

18. Texture diversity (D18):

Rural landscape texture appears smooth, undulating, rough, mountainous, rugged, et al.More changeable the texture, more beautiful the vision.

19. Landscape alignment degree (D19):

It refers to landscape orderly degree, usually, mess landscape makes negative visual impression.

20．Layout status of rural village (D20):

Rural village is noticeably obvious landscape in the rural landscape, referring to rural village space disperse patterns.

21. Negative man-made elements (D21):

It refers to man-made landscapes unharmonious with natural or traditional rural landscape, such as industries, power lines, wasteland, polluted area, dustheap et al.

22. Historic sites diversity (D22):

Historic sites refer to ancient and valuable sites, such as ancient house, temple, old town, traditional garden, ancient tomb et al.

23. Rural culture attractiveness (D23):

It refers to rural landscape abundant degree, such as traditional festival, nationality life styles, nationality religions, local special culture et al.

24. Accessible degree (D24):

It is easy to access rural landscape for recreation; it is decided by the traffic condition. It can be divided into five degrees: very difficult (>2hours) difficult (1.5-2hours), medium (1-1.5hours), easy (20-60’), very easy (<20’).

25. Facilities diversity (D25)：

The diversity of man-made facilities for recreation, such as: rural park, DIY centre, rural club, playing field, rural museum, folk-custom holiday village, ancient and traditional village, camp area. It can be divided into five degree: <2, 2-4, 4-6, 6-8, >8

26. Participative possible(D26)：

It refers to the opportunities that tourist can take part in the travelling process, for instance, working in farmland, boating, fishing, swimming, bicycling et al..

All indexes of level D can be divided into quantitative indexes and qualitative indexes.

For quantitative evaluation indexes, national first grade environment standard is used for standard values of ratio of soil erosion (D6), water quality index (D7), air quality index (D8), sound quality index (D9). Other quantitative evaluation indexes are confirmed by the standard of maximum value (positive polarity index), minimum value (negative polarity index), or middle value of certain index in the similar region around the country. They are ratio of natural landscape coverage (D1), ratio of agricultural landscape area (D2), ratio of vegetation coverage (D3), ratio of forest (D4), species diversity (D5), landscape diversity index (D10), landscape dominance index (D11), landscape fragmentation index (D12), accessible degree (D24), facilities diversity (D25), participative possible (D26).

The qualitative indexes are confirmed by the expert consultation method(panel), they are: terrain oddity degree (D13), scenic spot famousness (D14), rural landscape richness (D15), color diversity (D16), water diversity (D17), texture diversity (D18), landscape alignment degree (D19), layout status of rural village (D20), negative man-made elements (D21), historic sites diversity (D22), rural culture attractiveness (D23). Firstly, each index is divided into five grades, namely A, B, C, D and E. The quotiety of each grade is 1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4 and 0.2. Secondly, each expert of panel (ten people) makes the score for each qualitative index. Finally, the value of each index is calculated according to the following formula:

1 D

i i

V Q N







Where, V is the qualitative indexvalue; Qi is the quotiety value of ith index made by each expert; N is the number of experts; D is the number of indexes.