Ensayos del Concreto en Estado Fresco

Other development programmes include the modernisation of the existing lighter wharf,

rehabilitation of the oil jetty and the construction of the grain silos. Some of these development programmes have been completed and inoperational now, others are in progress but the crucial project of widening of the entrance channel this the funds are still being sought. All in all when these projects are completed it is a good package for the port of Dar es salaam and the

international shipping considering also that the projects in the other transportation modes are executed as required in time.

6.2. Observations

The major East African ports of Mombasa (Kenya) and Dar es salaam (Tanzania) both compete for the same

hinterland which comprise of Uganda, Rwanda and eastern parts of Zaire. Dar es salaam has a momnopoly on the hinterlands of Zambia and Malawi to certain extent. This means that shippers in those countries have options of routing their cargoes, and most of the ships that calls at the port of Dar es salaam also calls at the port of Mombasa. Imports and exports from these countries and trading partners overseas are the same, for example coffee earns about 35 per cent of Tanzanias foreign exchange, Kenya 25 per cent, Rwanda 65 per cent, Uganda 90 per cent and Burundi 85 per cent and trading partners are countries of Western Europe such as the United Kingdom, West Germany, Belgium, France, The Netherlands and many others. Imports to these countries is dominated by crude oil, bulk oil imports represents about 60 per cent of all imports through the Port of Dar ess salaam and approximately 50 per cent of all imports passing through the Port of Mombasa C2II.

An import element in defining a port's business is its geographical location. The Port of Rotterdam, the largest port in the world, its advantageous location in Western Europe contributed to its success, that is, loca­ ted at the estuaries of the main European rivers of the Rhine, Scheldt and Maas. The Port of Dar es salaam is better positioned geographically compared with its close challanger the Port of Mombasa, but still Mombasa handles more cargo than Dar es salaam. For many years many more shippers from Burundi and Rwanda have been routing their imports and exports through Mombasa, despite the long distances between these countries and the port, the inconveniences of crossing through two nations with different regulations and legislations while, avoiding the nearer and convenient Port of Dar es salaam. Reasons

noted used to be that, the Port of Mombasa was more efficient and less costly. For example, in 1984 the Port of Mombasa recorded 124 tonnes per gang/hour while Dar es salaam and Tanga recorded 75.3 tonnes and 62.5 tonnes respectively. The port offered better customer services and lower tariffs. For example wharfage charge at the Port of Mombasa was set at 1 per cent of the value of export and 1.25 per cent of the CIF value of imports, while at the ports of Dar es salaam and Tanga was 1.25 of the value of both exports and imports, and at December in 1985, bagged coffee export at the Port of Mombasa costed 15 per cent less than at Dar es salaa^m, and containerised coffee export 18 per cent less at the Port of Mombasa than at Dar es salaam.

With developments in the maritime transport in general,particulary with containerisation and the accompanied through transport, a good link between seaports and the hinterland has become very important. Geographically, the Port of Da es salaam is closer to Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi and this follows other factor remaining constant, transit times should favour

Dar es salaam but due to the poor infrastructure linking the port with the hinterland, Mombasa becomes closer than Dar es salaam.

The introduction of larger faster vessels in the container trade (also in liner trades) and the coming load centre concept, this means that, the Port of Mombasa is at a very good advantage compared to the other ports, for example,the port is accessible with vessels of up to 305 meters in lenght and 13.72 meters of draft and can accommodate vessels of up to 100,000 dwt. While the Port of Dar es salaam because of the narrow entrance channel.

vessels with lenght up to 180 meters and 9 meters draft- can enter the inner harbour, so inside the harbour the sizes of the ships is limited to between

30,000--35,000 dwt. Also there are many factors which favour the Port of Mombasa in dealing with these new forms of cargo technologies.

The Port of Mombasa is cooperating with the Kenya Railways Corporation in constructing and operating inland container depots (ICDs) such as that at Embakasi this is is very important because ports now are moving away from the old concept of transfer function to transport function, THA must cooperate and coordinate with TRC in the operation and movement of the cargo, constructing and operating the inland container terminals currently under construction or to be constructed in the future.The old monopoly position of East African ports are over, the question is either join the new developments or risk- being reduced to the second rate or die out.

Recently the Port of Mombasa has been losing some of her cargo to the Port of Dar es salaam, in response to this negative development it was announced that, Kenya is to expand the country's major port of Mombasa on the Indian Ocean coast, at a cost of 111 million US dollars to improve its operations, and the move has been taken because the port is" losing a lot of business to Dar es salaam"-neighbouring Tanzanias major port II3I1. So what is the response of Dar es salaam port?

Notes:

1. HayuthjY. <1980)"Inland Container Terminals-Function and Rationale" Maritime Policy and Management Vol.7

African Review: Economic and Business Report C1987.')

3. Sunday News (Tanzania) August 28, 1988

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