REVISIÓN GENERAL DEL MARCO TEÓRICO
5.1. LA ESCUELA DE APRENDIZAJE
ium should provide a gathering space commensurate with its size. Although there are many condominiums without any gathering space, entrance halls or management offices may well be utilized for gatherings. In residential areas of detached houses, streets may serve as pedestrian spaces.
Aging society and planning of residential districts (1)Residential districts for multiple generations
A stable and mature residential district contains a healthy balance of young and older generations. In practice, in a newly constructed condominium or housing complex, the younger generation will make up a greater portion of the residents.
Supplying a great number of uniform-sized dwellings in a short period must lead to an aging community due to the lack of residents moving in and out. A community that contains a proper balance of young and older generations not only is a thriving community but also provides and supports mutual aid between the residents at the time of an emergency or disaster. The Takashimadaira housing complex in Tokyo and Nishi-konakadai housing complex in Chiba are attracting at-tention for their experiments in cooperation with neighboring universities (Figures 2 and 3). The initiative attempts to revitalize the housing complex, and includes offering inexpensive dwellings in the housing complex, where there are a lot of va-cant units, to students, as well as giving them the opportunity to participate in community activities. Students can live near the university with a lower rent, and the housing complex is revitalized by the participation of the younger generation.
(2)Connections between generations through living next to each other and living in proximity
In cities it is quite common that an aged household lives separately from their child’s household. As the words of the saying “close enough for the soup not to get cold” show, dis-tance between the two houses does matter and can easily be-come an issue. As a lifestyle choice living in proximity provides more scope than living in a two-family house or living next to each other. Planning of residential districts should include houses with a variety of sizes, prices, and rents in a district or along the railroad line.
Disaster control activities and manuals (management and resident associations activity, list of residents, disaster control manuals, and disaster drills)
Disaster control activities in communities play an impor-tant role providing safety confirmation, rescue, and support for vulnerable groups. Systems that enable self-help and mu-tual assistance should be encouraged and built up in addition to the provision of public support. The elderly and people with disabilities are known by preparing lists of such residents.
Disaster control manuals are being prepared by prefecture, city, ward, district, and condominium. Just copying a manual from another district will not be sufficient to reflect the char-acteristics of the home residential district; residents can refer to other examples, but must ultimately personalize them for their district. Disaster drills are also an important component;
and with most of the younger generation away at work during the day, consideration must be given to how the elderly and housewives should respond to a disaster in the daytime.
(Kazuhiro Abe)
Figure 1. A brochure of disaster countermeasures for high-rise housing (Chuo Ward)1)
Figure 2. Activities in Takashimadaira housing complex (a) Calligraphy class 1
(c) Entrance of community cafe
(b) Calligraphy class 2
(d) Residential buildings in Takashimadaira housing complex
Figure 3. Disaster drill for residents of a condominium (Granfore Totsuka Hill Breeze, pho-to: Takashi Mori)
☐Source of figures
1) Website of Chuo Ward, http://www.city.chuo.lg.jp/kurasi/saigai/bosai/
bousai/kosomove/files/hyousi.pdf
Appendix
Useful websites and links given below concern quakes of the ground and the assumption of damage at the occurrence of earthquakes.
1. Forecasting future earthquakes (National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, Japan Seismic Hazard Information Station)
http://www.j-shis.bosai.go.jp/map/ (Figure 1)
- This is the website of the Japan Seismic Hazard Information Station (J-SHIS) which provides facilities to search Seismic Hazard Maps prepared by the Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology.
- The color coded maps show by earthquake categories the likelihood of earthquakes with intensities of 5 lower to 6 upper within the next 30 and 50 years.
- Earthquake categories:
Category I: Among subduction-zone earthquakes, those earthquakes whose focal fault can be identified
Category II: Among subduction-zone earthquakes, those earthquakes whose focal fault is difficult to identify
Category III: Shallow earthquakes in ocean and continental areas such as at active faults
2. Earthquakes that occur in Japan (Cabinet Office)
http://www.bousai.go.jp/jishin/chubou/taisaku_gaiyou/pdf/hassei-jishin.
pdf (Figure 2)
- Earthquake distribution of the world, earthquake distribution of Japan, plates around Japan and mechanism of earthquake occurrence, earthquake types that occur around Japan, magnitude and seismic intensity, major earthquake hazards of Japan, and the impending likelihood of an earth-quake whose epicenter is directly below Tokyo are explained.
3. Website of disaster management information by the Cabinet Office http://www.bousai.go.jp/
- The Cabinet Office has collected information on different kinds of disasters in Japan. Extreme Disaster Management Headquarters and Central Disaster Management Council are established in the Cabinet Office.
4. Investigative Commission on the Giant Earthquake Model of Nankai Trough (Cabinet Office)
http://www.bousai.go.jp/jishin/chubou/nankai_trough/15/index.html (Figure 3)
- Information on simulations of earthquakes and tsunamis in the Nankai trough are presented in the website.
5. Technical data for the preparation of Earthquake Disaster Hazard Maps (Cabinet Office)
http://www.bousai.go.jp/oshirase/h17/050513siryou.pdf
- A technical manual for the preparation of Earthquake Disaster Hazard Maps by public administrations is presented in the website.
6. Explanation of seismic intensity scales (Japan Meteorological Agency) http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/kishou/know/shindo/shindokai.html (Figure 4) - Seismic intensities and quaking situations (outlines) are shown in the table.
7. Map of building collapse risk rankings (Tokyo Metropolitan Government) 1) Risk of building collapse
http://www.toshiseibi.metro.tokyo.jp/bosai/chousa_6/download/houko-ku_2.pdf (Figure 5)
- It shows a table of the top 100 districts and towns of Tokyo ranked in terms of building collapse risk, as well as a map of districts and towns presented in
different colors according to their rank from blue for 1 to red for 5.
2) Risk of fire spread
http://www.toshiseibi.metro.tokyo.jp/bosai/chousa_6/download/houko-ku_3.pdf
- It shows a table of the top 100 districts and towns of Tokyo ranked in terms of fire spread risk, as well as a map of districts and towns presented in differ-ent colors according to their rank from blue for 1 to red for 5.
3) Comprehensive risk
http://www.toshiseibi.metro.tokyo.jp/bosai/chousa_6/download/houko-ku_4.pdf
- Rankings have been determined by adding the rank of the building collapse risk and the rank of fire spread risk of the districts and towns of Tokyo.
- It shows a table of the top 100 districts and towns of Tokyo ranked in terms of comprehensive risk, as well as a map of districts and towns presented in different colors according to their ranking from blue for 1 to red for 5.
8. Liquefaction hazard map of the Tokyo metropolitan area (Tokyo Metropolitan Government)
http://doboku.metro.tokyo.jp/start/03-jyouhou/ekijyouka/ (Figure 6) - It is a website of map forecasts prepared by the Civil Engineering Center,
To-kyo Metropolitan Government and is used for searching liquefaction hazard maps.
- It is a liquefaction hazard map classifying the whole area into three catego-ries: area of probable liquefaction, area of possible liquefaction, and area of unlikely liquefaction; the degrees of risk are given in 8 colors from blue to red.
9. Liquefaction hazard map of Chiba prefecture (Chiba prefecture)
http://www.pref.chiba.lg.jp/bousai/jishin/higaichousa/souteijishin/eki-jouka.html
- Liquefaction hazard map of Chiba prefecture is presented in the website.
There are three kinds of maps according to different kinds of focus.
10. TITECH EQRisk Map View – Earthquake risk map of your town and home (Midorikawa Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology)
http://riskmap.enveng.titech.ac.jp/ (Figure 7)
- The website presents an earthquake risk map of the Tokyo ward area and eastern Kanagawa prefecture that answers the question “what will happen where I live when a great earthquake occurs?”
- It is assumed that the magnitude of the earthquake is M7.3 and the focus is northern Tokyo Bay.
- A map of the place with seismic intensities and the assumed degree of dam-age are shown by inputting the following data: time of completion of the building: before or after 1981; the building type: wooden, low-rise reinforced concrete, or medium- or high-rise reinforced concrete building; and the building address.
11. Earthquake Disaster Hazard Map of Setagaya Ward (Setagaya Ward) 1) Seismic intensity map
http://www.bousai.go.jp/oshirase/h17/050513pdf/2-1.pdf
- This map shows the seismic intensity of the areas within Setagaya Ward with 7 grades, from 6 lower to 7 upper, in different colors.
2) Area risk map
http://www.bousai.go.jp/oshirase/h17/050513pdf/2-2.pdf (Figure 8) - This map shows the earthquake risk of areas within Setagaya Ward with 5
grades, from Risk 1 to Risk 5, as well as the percentage of buildings that will totally collapse in each area.
- The information shown above is as of April, 2012. The URL and the name of organizations may be subject to change without prior notice.
- Thanks to Minoru Karuishi (Japan Aseismic Safety Organization) for the preparation of the appendix.
Figure 1
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8 Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Postscript
Kazuo Adachi
Editorial Committee of New Edition (Nihon Sekkei, Commissioner of Japan Aseismic Safety Organization)
Between the 1995 Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake and the Great East Japan Earthquake
The first edition of this book was published after the 1995 Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, and this book is a new up-dated edition issued in response to the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake. During these 16 years, our knowledge of earth-quakes has greatly changed and expanded; in addition the tremendous impact of tsunami and their devastation, which had previously been left out of consideration by architects has now been acknowledged and incorporated into architectural practice. Therefore, a far greater part of this book had to be rewritten than had been originally expected. As a result, how-ever, many new findings, perspectives, and recommendations could be added while still staying true to the original holistic view on earthquake disasters of the first edition. I would now like to give my expectations for the use of this book in the form of a postscript.
To mitigate the damage of the next earthquake
The Tohoku Earthquake with a magnitude of 9, heralded an active period for the crust of Japan; the probability of great Tokai, Tonankai, and Nankai earthquakes as well as other great earthquakes whose epicenters are directly below Tokyo has rapidly increased. I very much hope that this book contributes to the mitigation of coming earthquake and tsunami disasters.
It is assumed that if even one great earthquake occurred, the number of dead or missing would reach up to 300,000, far more than the 20,000 fatalities of the Great East Japan Earthquake. Moreover, the key functions of government, the economy, and industry would suffer tremendous damage. It is the duty of architects to reduce the assumed damage as much as possible. The order of priority should be the preser-vation of life, safety, function maintenance, and then business continuity. I hope that the readers of this book understand the mechanisms of earthquakes and tsunamis, and gain insights into three key areas: the designing of buildings that can resist these disasters; the seismic strengthening of buildings; and the taking of countermeasures against tsunamis.
Bridging the gap between experts and citizens
The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake exposed a great gap in the perceptions and expectations of architectural experts and citizens; in the following years the experts have made efforts to promote greater awareness and educate citizens in their expectation of what is possible and reasonable. However, there is still a gap concerning the perception of “buildings built in accordance with the new earthquake resistant stand-ards that resisted the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake and the Great East Japan Earthquake.” To an engineer, a surviving building frame is a positive testament to the success of the engineering; to a resident it is a bleak reminder of a disaster.
So even though many serviceable building frames remained standing in the affected areas, most of them were demolished
within a year. The surviving building frames were not reused;
communities were lost, large areas of ground sank and be-came submerged areas, and the frames of buildings where people had died were not reused but were demolished. More-over, many non-structural walls of condominiums suffered damage and the doors would not open. Many party walls made with boards broke and fire compartments were ruined.
Strength alone cannot ensure the role of a building; only after a building can maintain the functions needed to serve the community and their livelihoods, can a building be accepted by the citizens.
For a designer of buildings to become an architect This book aims to provide a young designer of buildings with a broad (if shallow) knowledge about many fields includ-ing earthquakes, tsunamis, earthquake resistant construction, retention of equipment functions, and disaster prevention community development. As a supervisor of architectural design, a designer of buildings must respond to the questions and requests of the clients. Like the solving of conflict be-tween disaster prevention functions and ordinary functions, well-balanced architecture cannot be realized without ensur-ing the harmony and integration of the architecture, structure, and equipment in a good earthquake-resistant design. This is the role of the designer. It is said that architectural designers in Japan are the most capable in the world, for they have knowl-edge of both structure and equipment. I really hope they gain useful knowledge about earthquake resistance from this book, and the confidence to act as an architect who can supervise the whole architecture while resisting the specialization and segmentation of the different fields and practices.
For a community architect to gain the trust of the community
Summarizing the above, I hope that “architects use this book for holistically grasping architecture, filling in the gaps with citizens, and mitigating the damage from the next earth-quakes and tsunamis.”
The Japan Institute of Architects (JIA) will become a pub-lic-interest corporation in 2013. The basis for JIA’s activities are area clubs spread over Japan. NPO Japan Aseismic Safety Or-ganization (JASO) is cooperating with the project to seismically strengthen buildings alongside emergency transportation routes implemented by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government.
Furthermore, it has initiated a series of popularization activi-ties for projects in the wards of Tokyo, including the dispatch of seismic advisors, and the provision of simple diagnosis, detailed diagnosis, and seismic retrofit. To ensure their accept-ance JIA and JASO have been gaining the trust of communities and condominium homeowner associations, and have started to play the role of community architect. I guess most readers of this book are not members of JIA or JASO. However, I hope by starting with this book, they add to their study and experi-ence of countermeasures against earthquakes and tsunamis.
This book will have fulfilled its purpose and become a very useful little textbook when in cooperation with the citizens of their communities they prepare against the disasters that are forecast to occur in the near future.
EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT BUILDING DESIGN FOR ARCHITECTS Revised edition
First published on April 10, 1997
Revised edition, first published on September 10, 2012
Proof mark is omitted through agreement with the copyright holder.
Member of The Natural Science Publishers’ Association of Japan Member of The Engineering Publishers’ Association of Japan
Edited by the Japan Institute of Architects and Japan Aseismic Safety Organization
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