Especies indicadoras y con riesgos de impactos por atropellamiento

See also:Intelligence agency,Special Operations Execu- tiveandUnited States government security breaches

Howard Burnham(1915)

16.11. LIST OF FAMOUS SPIES 83

• Reign ofElizabeth I of England

Sir Francis Walsingham Christopher Marlowe

• American Revolution

Thomas Knowlton, The First American Spy

Nathan Hale John Andre James Armistead

Benjamin Tallmadge, Case agent who organized of the Culper Spy Ring in New York City

• Napoleonic Wars

Charles-Louis Schulmeister William Wickham

• American Civil War

One of the innovations in the Ameri- can Civil War was the use of proprietary companies for intelligence collection by the Union; seeAllan Pinkerton. Confederate Secret Service Belle Boyd[50]

• Aceh War

Dutch professor Snouck Hurgronje world leading authority on Islam was a proponent of espionage to quell Muslim resistance in Aceh in the Dutch East Indies. In his role as Colonial Advisor on Oriental Affairs, he gathered intel- ligence under the name “Haji Abdul Ghaffar”.

He used his knowledge of Islamic and Aceh culture to devise strategies that significantly helped crush the resistance of the Aceh inhabitants and impose Dutch colonial rule, ending the 40 year Aceh War. Casualty estimates ranged between 50,000 and 100,000 inhabitants dead and about a million wounded. Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje

• Second Boer War

Fritz Joubert Duquesne Sidney Reilly • Russo-Japanese War Sidney Reilly Ho Liang-Shung Akashi Motojiro

16.11.1 World War I

See also:Espionage in Norway during World War I

• Fritz Joubert Duquesne

• Jules C. Silber

• Mata Hari

• Howard Burnham

• T.E. Lawrence

• Sidney Reilly

11 German spies were executed in the Tower of London during WW1.[51]

• Executed :-Carl Hans Lodyon 6 November 1914, in the Miniature Rifle Range.

• Executed :-Carl Frederick Mulleron 23 June 1915, in Miniature Rifle Range. Prepared bullets were used by the execution party.

• Executed :-Haicke Marinus Janssen&Willem Jo- hannes Roosboth executed on 30 July 1915, both in the Tower ditch.

• Executed :-Ernst Waldemar Melinon 10 September 1915, Miniature Rifle Range.

• Executed :-Augusto Alfredo Roggenon 17 Septem- ber 1915, in Miniature Rifle Range.

• Executed :- Fernando Buschman on 19 October 1915, in Miniature Rifle Range.

• Executed :-George Traugott Breeckow, otherwise known as Reginald Rowland or George T. Parker on 26 October 1915, in Miniature Rifle Range. Worked with a lady called Lizzie Louise Wertheim who was sentenced to ten years penal servitude. Later on 17 January 1918 was certified as insane and died in Broadmoor criminal lunatic asylum on 29 July 1920.

• Executed :-Irving Guy Rieson 27 October 1915, in Miniature Rifle Range.

• Executed :-Albert Mayeron 2 December 1915, in Miniature Rifle Range.

• Executed :-Ludovico Hurwitz-y-Zenderon 11 April 1916 in Miniature Rifle Range.

Carl Hans Lody has his own grave and black headstone in theEast London Cemetery,Plaistow. The others are buried about 150 yards away under a small memorial stone alongside a pathway.

84 CHAPTER 16. ESPIONAGE

Imagined German Intelligence Officer thanks British Forces for giving away details of operations, (Graham & Gillies Advertis- ing)

16.11.2

World War II

Informants were common inWorld War II. In Novem- ber 1939, the GermanHans Ferdinand Mayersent what is called theOslo Reportto inform the British of Ger- man technology and projects in an effort to undermine the Nazi regime. TheRéseau AGIRwas a French network developed after the fall of France that reported the start of construction of V-weapon installations in Occupied Franceto the British.

Counterespionage included the use of turned Double Cross agents to misinform Nazi Germany of impact points duringthe Blitzandinternment of Japanesein the US against“Japan’s wartime spy program”. Additional WWII espionage examples includeSoviet spyingon the USManhattan project, the GermanDuquesne Spy Ring convicted in the US, and the SovietRed Orchestraspy- ing onNazi Germany. The US lacked a specific agency at the start of the war, but quickly formed theOffice of Strategic Services(OSS).

Spying has sometimes been considered a gentlemanly pursuit, with recruiting focused on military officers, or at least on persons of the class from whom officers are recruited. However, the demand for male soldiers, an in- crease in women’s rights, and the tactical advantages of female spies led the BritishSpecial Operations Executive (SOE) to set aside any lingeringVictorian Eraprejudices

and begin employing them in April 1942.[52] _{Their task} was to transmit information fromNazi occupied France back to Allied Forces. The main strategic reason was that men in France faced a high risk of being interrogated by Nazi troops but women were less likely to arouse suspi- cion. In this way they made good couriers and proved equal to, if not more effective than, their male counter- parts. Their participation in Organization and Radio Op- eration was also vital to the success of many operations, including the main network between Paris and London. See also:Clandestine HUMINT asset recruiting § Love, honeypots and recruitment

16.11.3 Post World War II

Further information:Cold War espionage

In theUnited States, there are seventeen[53]_{federal agen-} cies that form theUnited States Intelligence Community. The Central Intelligence Agency operates the National Clandestine Service(NCS)[54] _{to collect human intelli-} gence and performCovert operations.[55] _{The National} Security Agency collects Signals Intelligence. Origi- nally the CIA spearheaded the US-IC. Pursuant to the September 11 attacksthe Office of theDirector of Na- tional Intelligence (ODNI) was created to promulgate information-sharing.

• Kim Philby

• Ray Mawby