PARTE 4 Cinturones de seguridad
3. Especificaciones 1. Especificación general
Residential sector
In the last years, residential energy consumption in the EU has started to decrease. The decreasing trend continued until the year 2010 when consumption grew again. 2005 marked a peak in final residential energy consumption reaching the second highest consumption level after the year 2010. Looking at the consumption statistics, it can be observed that between 2004 and 2009 final energy consumption in the EU-27 in the residential sector fell by 2%, reaching the lowest consumption level of the last 20 years in 2007. However, this important decrease (-4% compared to 2006) in 2007 can be explained with warmer temperatures during this year that led to a lower number of heating degree days compared to the average heating days.
Total final energy consumption in the EU-27 fell by -3.29% between 2005 and 2010. The total final energy consumption level of 2009 is almost equal to the consumption ten years earlier in 1999 (0.10% bigger than in 1999). Since 1990 total final energy consumption in the EU-27 grew by only 3.25%. Up to the year 2005 consumption was growing and reached 1,192,536 ktoe in 2005. From then on consumption started to decrease. Between 2008 and 2009 total final energy consumption decreased by -5.2%, but between 2009 and 2010 consumption increased by 3.56%.
Residential electricity consumption is still rising, between 2005 and 2010 the growth rate was 1.69%. Although many appliances are getting more efficient, the number of appliances is rising, appliances are used more often and for longer periods of time, and many appliances are having more functions or special features that require more energy.
Between 1990 and 2010 final residential electricity consumption grew by 31.92%. In the year 2010 the consumption level of electricity by households in the EU-27 reached with 842,663 GWh its highest point since 20 years. In 1990 residential electricity consumption was 603,692 GWh, in 1999 it was 708,167 and in 2004 it was 786,625 GWh.
The general trend in the residential sector is therefore an increase in electricity consumption. There are, however, important differences between different household electricity end-uses. The electricity consumption of residential lighting is, for instance, decreasing. This decrease is to a large extent the result of the phasing-out of less energy efficient incandescent light bulbs. JRC estimates the lighting electricity consumption in the residential sector to be 10.5% of total electricity consumption in 2007. In 2009, the share is estimated to have decreased to 10%.
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Energy efficiency policies in the white appliances sector turned out to be very successful. The success is due to a combination of EU legislation (energy labeling and minimum energy performance standards, national programmes (e.g. tax deduction in Italy, scrapping bonus for cold appliances in Austria, price rebate schemes in Spain, supplier obligations and White Certificate scheme in France, Italy and the UK) as well as the voluntary agreements of manufacturers (CECED). Within the framework of the Ecodesign Directive preparatory studies for cold appliances, washing machines and dishwashers have led to the implementation of eco-design regulations; for ovens, hobs and grills working groups started in June 2009.
In the period between January and February 2011, 15% of washing machines were already better than energy class A (A+, A++ and A+++), whereas for dishwashers this share was already 10%. For cooling and freezer appliances these shares were 51% and 56% respectively.
The air-conditioning market in the EU has seen a positive transformation into a more efficient one with the introduction of the energy label. The recent introduction of ecodesign requirements will enhance this trend even further. A recent gfK market survey shows that between January 2010 and December 2010 55.7% (55.1% in 2009) of all fixed air- conditioner units sold were A class appliances. In Western Europe this trend was even more profound with 77.3% in the same period and 70.2% in 2009.
The market for television is growing and changing rapidly. The most important trends are: bigger screen sizes, flat panel displays, digital television broadcasting and high-resolution television (HD). Television sales have been increasing substantially during the last years. Gfk data shows that in the EU-15 a total of 34.7 million TV units were sold in the year 2006. In 2010 the sales were already 51.4 million units. In 2006 flat screens already made more than 50% of total sales in the EU-15. Only a few years later, in 2010, this share was 100%.
In 2007, estimated electricity consumption was around 54 TWh. Despite an increase in energy efficiency total consumption of television sets has been increasing over the last years. Between 2007 and 2009 the increase in consumption is estimated at around 2-3% reaching 56 TWh in 2009.
Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) are among the fastest growing electricity end-use in the residential and tertiary sector. In 2008 the digital technology world market reached € 2,000 billion and is currently growing at around 4% per year. Europe’s digital technology sector in Europe represents 30% of the world total. The size of the digital technology sector in Europe represents 4.5.% of EU aggregate GDP and even more if value added of digital technologies in other sectors is also accounted for.
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In the last decade, computers have become ubiquitous and their role will continue to be more and more important due to their impacts on productivity, education, society, and personal lives. Consequently, the number of computers and information technologies is continuously growing, Europe is becoming more computerised, and internet access is spreading among households across the European Union.
It is estimated that without the ENERGY STAR Programme the electricity consumption of new office equipment sold in the EU in the last three years would have been approx. 67 TWh. ENERGY STAR succeeded in reducing this by around 11 TWh, i.e. by approx. 16 %. This translates into more than EUR 1.8 bn saved on energy bills and 3.7 Mt of avoided CO2 emissions. It needs to be noted that these numbers represent a ‘snapshot’, i.e. they do not take into account the current impact of earlier (pre-2008) specifications and do not give information about the future impact of current specifications. If earlier specifications are taken into account, it is estimated that ENERGY STAR will succeed by 2020 in reducing the energy consumption of the installed base of computers, displays and imaging equipment in the EU by more than 30%.
Eco-design requirements for computers are currently being finalized. In the working document of implementation measures of the Eco-design Directive for personal computers, the following equipments are covered: desktop computers, notebook computers, integrated desktop computers, workstations, and thin clients.
Tertiary sector
The tertiary sector accounts for 13.21% of total final energy consumption in 2010. Considering its share in value added this is relatively low compared to the industry sector, which consumed 25.29% of total final energy but only contributed with 19% to the total value added in the same year.
Final energy consumption in the tertiary sector has been growing during the last years. In 199, total final energy consumption of the services sector in the EU-27 was 123,476 ktoe whereas in 2009 the sector consumed 143,295 ktoe and in 2010 the consumption level rose up to 152,338 ktoe. There is a large difference in consumption between the EU-15 (130,064 ktoe in 2010) and the NMS-12 (22,273 ktoe in 2010).
Electricity consumption in the tertiary sector is also continuing to grow. Electricity consumption grew from 588,559 GWh in 1991 to 797,281 GWh in 2009, and 834,117 GWh in 2010 in the EU-27. In the EU-15 electricity consumption was 520,532 GWh in 1991, 696,958 GWh in 2009, and 728,069 GWh in 2010. In the NMS-12 consumption grew from 68,027 GWh in 1991 to 121,799 GWh in 2009, and 128,230 GWh in 2010.
Between 1991 and 2009 electricity consumption in the tertiary sector has increased by 66% in the EU-27. In the NMS-12, the increase in consumption was 142% and in the EU-15 the
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increase was 58.57%. Between 2000 and 2010 electricity consumption in the tertiary sector in the EU-27 increased by 33.88% compared to 31.92% in the EU-15 and 53.88% in the NMS-12. Between 2005 and 2010 the growth levels were 17.05% in the EU-27, 15.75% in the EU-15, and 33.14% in the NMS-12.
According to the Ecodesign preparatory studies for office and public lighting, the EU-27 office lighting consumption is the biggest share of total consumption in the tertiary sector with 21.57%, representing 164 TWh in 2007. The street outdoor lighting takes a share of 4.73% of the overall tertiary sector electricity consumption, representing 36 TWh in 2007. These figures are estimated to remain almost constant in 2009 with a trend to decrease in the next years considering the Ecodesign measures, energy labelling and also voluntary programmes.
A first Ecodesign preparatory study addressing commercial refrigerator and focusing on refrigerated display cabinets (both remote and plug-in), beverage coolers, ice-cream freezers, and cold vending machines was published in 2007. In 2011 a second Ecodesign preparatory study addressing professional refrigerators was published and covered: service cabinets57, blast cabinets58, walk-in cold rooms, process chillers, water dispensers, ice- makers, dessert and beverage machines, minibars, wine storage appliances, and remote condensing units.
The commercial refrigeration market is very fragmented and produces equipment and components with a multitude of applications. For 2009, the annual sales of commercial refrigeration equipments in the EU are estimated to be around € 6,051 million. The market for commercial refrigeration equipment in the western EU is mature and saturated, but replacement demand continues to create sales opportunities. Eastern European markets are likely to continue their current dynamic growth.
Energy savings resulting in Ecodesign measures are estimated at around 376 TWh in total. The largest savings in the household sector will be realized with domestic lighting and televisions. The largest savings in the tertiary sector will be realized with street lighting & office lighting. Office equipment is not yet included in this list but will bring on substantial savings in both the domestic and the tertiary sectors.
57 Service cabinets include refrigerators, freezers and combined refrigerators-freezers. 58 Blast cabinets include refrigerators, freezers and refrigerators-freezers.
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Tab. 29: Estimated savings of the Ecodesign measures (source EC)
Ecodesign Measure Adoption Estimated savings
Stand-by December 2008 35 TWh
Simple set top boxes February 2009 9 TWh
Street&Office Lighting March 2009 38 TWh
Domestic Lighting March 2009 39 TWh
External power supplies April 2009 9 TWh
Electric motors July 2009 135 TWh
Circulators July 2009 23 TWh
Domestic refrigeration July 2009 8 TWh
Televisions July 2009 43 TWh
Domestic dishwashers November 2010 2 TWh
Domestic washing machines November 2010 1,5 TWh
Fans March 2011 34 TWh
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List of Figures
FIG. 1: ENERGY CONSUMPTION BREAKDOWN (SOURCE EUROSTAT)... 9 FIG. 2: TOTAL FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN THE EU-27 (SOURCE EUROSTAT)... 10 FIG. 3: RESIDENTIAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION GROWTH TRENDS - CHANGE IN % TO
PREVIOUS YEAR (SOURCE EUROSTAT, JRC)... 11 FIG. 4: POPULATION TRENDS IN THE EU-27 (SOURCE EUROSTAT)... 12 FIG. 5: FINAL RESIDENTIAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA IN THE EU-27 (SOURCE
EUROSTAT)... 13 FIG. 6: GDP PER CAPITA IN CURRENT PRICES IN THE EU-27 (SOURCE EUROSTAT)... 14 FIG. 7: GDP PER CAPITA IN THE EU-27 (SOURCE EUROSTAT)... 14 FIG. 8: RESIDENTIAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA IN THE EU-27, 2005 & 2010
(SOURCE EUROSTAT, JRC) ... 15 FIG. 9: AVERAGE NUMBER OF PEOPLE PER HOUSEHOLD IN THE EU-27, YEAR 2009 (SOURCE
EUROSTAT)... 16 FIG. 10: RESIDENTIAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION PER HOUSEHOLD IN THE EU-27, YEAR 2009
(SOURCE EUROSTAT) ... 16 FIG. 11: AVERAGE SIZE OF DWELLINGS IN SQUARE METERS, YEAR 2009 (SOURCE
EUROSTAT)... 17 FIG. 12: RESIDENTIAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION PER DWELLING IN THE EU-27, YEARS 2005- 2009 (SOURCE EUROSTAT, JRC) ... 17 FIG. 13: FINAL ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION BREAKDOWN INTO SECTORS IN THE EU-27
(SOURCE EUROSTAT) ... 18 FIG. 14: FINAL TOTAL ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION IN THE EU-27 (SOURCE EUROSTAT) ... 21 FIG. 15: FINAL TOTAL ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION GROWTH RATES IN THE EU-27 (SOURCE
EUROSTAT, JRC)... 21 FIG. 16: FINAL TOTAL ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA TRENDS IN THE EU-27
(SOURCE EUROSTAT, JRC) ... 22 FIG. 17: FINAL RESIDENTIAL ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION TRENDS IN THE EU-27 (SOURCE
EUROSTAT)... 22 FIG. 18: FINAL RESIDENTIAL ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION GROWTH RATES IN THE EU-27
(SOURCE EUROSTAT, JRC) ... 23 FIG. 19: RESIDENTIAL ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA TRENDS IN THE EU-27
(SOURCE EUROSTAT, JRC) ... 24 FIG. 20: FINAL RESIDENTIAL ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION GROWTH RATES IN THE EU-27
(SOURCE EUROSTAT, JRC) ... 24 FIG. 21: FINAL RESIDENTIAL ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION PER DWELLING IN THE EU-27
(SOURCE EUROSTAT) ... 25 FIG. 22: FINAL RESIDENTIAL ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION TRENDS PER HOUSEHOLD IN THE
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FIG. 23: MEAN HEATING DEGREE DAYS (1980-2004) IN THE EU-27 (SOURCE EUROSTAT) ... 26
FIG. 24: ELECTRICITY PRICES FOR DOMESTIC CONSUMERS ACROSS THE EU-27 IN 2011 (SOURCE EUROSTAT) ... 27
FIG. 25: RESIDENTIAL ELECTRICITY PRICE TRENDS IN THE EU-27 - € PER KWH OF ELECTRICITY (SOURCE EUROSTAT)... 28
FIG. 26: FINAL RESIDENTIAL GAS CONSUMPTION IN THE EU-27 (SOURCE EUROSTAT) ... 31
FIG. 27: TOTAL FINAL GAS CONSUMPTION TRENDS IN THE EU-27 (SOURCE EUROSTAT) ... 31
FIG. 28: ACTUAL HEATING DEGREE DAYS IN THE EU-27 (SOURCE EUROSTAT) ... 31
FIG. 29: FINAL RESIDENTIAL GAS CONSUMPTION PER DWELLING IN THE EU-27 (SOURCE EUROSTAT)... 32
FIG. 30: FINAL RESIDENTIAL GAS CONSUMPTION PER DWELLING IN THE EU (SOURCE EUROSTAT)... 33
FIG. 31: RESIDENTIAL ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION BREAKDOWN IN THE EU-27, 2009 (SOURCE JRC)... 35
FIG. 32: ENERGY EFFICIENCY CLASSES OF WHITE APPLIANCES SALES IN THE EU, 2011 (SOURCE GFK)... 39
FIG. 33: SALES-WEIGHTED AVERAGE ANNUAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF MDA 4 IN MAJOR EU MARKETS (SOURCE GFK) ... 40
FIG. 34: AVERAGE ENERGY CONSUMPTION TRENDS OF NEW PRODUCTS IN WESTERN EU (SOURCE GFK)... 41
FIG. 36: AVERAGE PRICES OF ENERGY CLASSES OF COLD APPLIANCES AND PRICE PREMIUM IN TEN EU COUNTRIES (SOURCE GFK) ... 43
FIG. 37: REFRIGERATORS' SALES (SEASONALLY ADJUSTED) - 2 DOOR FREEZER WITH (LEFT) AND WITHOUT (RIGHT) NOFROST SYSTEM (SOURCE GFK)... 44
FIG. 38: SALES SHARES (VALUE BASED) OF A++ COLD APPLIANCES IN AUSTRIA 2008-2010 (SOURCE GFK)... 46
FIG. 39: ITALIAN TAX DEDUCTION PROGRAMME FOR HIGHLY EFFICIENT COLD APPLIANCES (SOURCE GFK)... 47
FIG. 41: ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF NEW WASHING MACHINES IN THE EU (SOURCE 4E MAPPING & BENCHMARKING)... 49
FIG. 42: ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF NEW WASHING MACHINES IN THE EU (SOURCE 4E MAPPING AND BENCHMARKING)... 50
FIG. 43: SEASONALLY ADJUSTED WASHING MACHINE SALES (FRONT LOAD) 2010/2011 (SOURCE GFK)... 51
FIG. 45: ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF NEW LAUNDRY DRIERS IN EUROPE (SOURCE 4E MAPPING & BENCHMARKING)... 54
FIG. 46: ELECTRIC OVENS AND COOKERS IN THE EU-27 (SOURCE BIO INTELLIGENCE SERVICE)... 58
132
FIG. 48: IMPORTANCE OF INVERTER TECHNOLOGY OF FIXED AIR CONDITIONERS IN 10 EU
COUNTRIES (SOURCE GFK) ... 65
FIG. 49: ENERGY EFFICIENCY CLASSES OF FIXED AIR-CONDITIONERS ACROSS THE EU (SOURCE GFK)... 66
FIG. 50: IMPORTANCE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY CALLS "A" IN THE EU DURING THE LAST 4 YEARS (SOURCE GFK) ... 67
FIG. 51: ENERGY EFFICIENCY RATIO OF NEW UNITARY AIR CONDITIONERS IN THE EU-10 (SOURCE 4E MAPPING & BENCHMARKING)... 67
FIG. 52: ENERGY EFFICIENCY RATIO OF NEW SPLIT AIR CONDITIONERS IN THE EU-10 (SOURCE 4E MAPPING & BENCHMARKING)... 68
FIG. 53: SOLAR THERMAL MARKET IN EU-27 AND SWITZERLAND (SOURCE EST2011) ... 72
FIG. 54: SHARES OF THE EUROPEAN SOLAR THERMAL MARKET (AOURCE EST2011) ... 72
FIG. 55: PHASING-OUT OF INCADESCENT LIGHTBULBS IN THE EU (SOURCE EC) ... 76
FIG. 56: ENERGY SAVINGS AND OLD ENERGY EFFICIENCY CLASSES OF LAMPS VS. INCANDESCENT LAMPS (SOURCE EC) ... 77
FIG. 57: TELEVISION SALES (MILLION) IN THE EU-15 (SOURCE GFK) ... 81
FIG. 58: AVERAGE TV VIEWING TIME IN MINUTES PER PERSON IN THE EU (SOURCE GFK) .. 82
FIG. 59: AVERAGE ENERGY CONSUMPTION PER TV SET IN THE EU-15 (SOURCE GFK) ... 82
FIG. 60: AVERAGE ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY SCREEN SIZE IN THE EU-15 (SOURCE GFK) 83 FIG. 61: ILLUSTRATION OF A SIMPLE SET TO BOX SYSTEM (SOURCE EC) ... 84
FIG. 62: ESTIMATED ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF STBS UNDER ECODESIGN MEASURERS (SOURCE EC)... 85
FIG. 63: FIXED BROADBAND PENETRATION AT EU LEVEL (SOURCE EC) ... 86
FIG. 64: FIXED BROADBAND LINES BY TECHNOLOGY AT EU LEVEL (SOURCE EC) ... 87
FIG. 65: FIXED BROADBAND LINES BY TECHNOLOGY AT EU LEVEL, 2010 (SOURCE EC) ... 87
FIG. 66: MOBILE BROADBAND PENETRATION IN THE EU, 2010 (SOURCE EC) ... 88
FIG. 67: PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLDWS WITH COMPUTER (SOURCE ITU2011) ... 90
FIG. 68: PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLDS WITH INTERNET ACCESS (SOURCE ITU2011) ... 91
FIG. 69: THE SUCCESS OF THE ENERGY STAR PROGRAMME (SOURCE EC)... 91
FIG. 70: ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF PERSONAL COMPUTERS UNDER THE ENERGY STAR MEASURES IN THE EU (SOURCE EC)... 92
FIG. 71: COMPLIANCE OF PLANNED ECODESIGN MEASURES FOR PERSONAL COMPUTERS WITH ENERGY STAR MEASURES (SOURCE [COM2011B]) ... 93
FIG. 72: EU COC EPS REQUIREMENTS FOR NO-LOAD CONSUMPTION AND THE EFFICIENCY CRITERIA FOR ACTIVE MODE (SOURCE EC CODE OF CONDUCT)... 96
FIG. 73: SHARES OF TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN PRIMARY LOAD-PRODUCT CATEGORIES POWERED BY THE EPS IN 2009 (SOURCE EC CODE OF CONDUCT)... 97
FIG. 74: GROSS VALUE ADDED TO GDP OF THE TERTIARY SECTOR, 2010 (SOURCE EUROSTAT)... 99
133
FIG. 75: FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION BREAKDOWN INTO SECTORS IN THE EU-27 (SOURCE EUROSTAT)... 100 FIG. 76: FINAL TERTIARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN THE EU-27 (SOURCE EUROSTAAT)... 100 FIG. 77: GROWTH RATES (% CHANGE COMPARED TO PREVIOUS YEAR) OF TERTIARY
ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN THE EU-29 (SOURCE EUROSTAT, JRC) ... 102 FIG. 78: FINAL ELECRICITY CONSUMPTION BREAKDOWN INTO SECTORS IN THE EU-27
(SOURCE EUROSTAT) ... 103 FIG. 79: FINAL TERTIARY ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION IN THE EU-27 (SOURCE EUROSTAT) ... 103 FIG. 80: GROWTH RATES (% CHANGE COMPARED TO PREVIOUS YEAR) OF TERTIARY
ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION IN THE EU-27 (SOURCE EUROSTAT, JRC) ... 105 FIG. 81: ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION PER EMPLOYEE IN THE TERTIARY SECTOR IN THE EU- 27 (SOURCE ENERDATA, [LAP2011]) ... 106 FIG. 82: FINAL TERTIARY GAS CONSUMPTION TRENDS IN THE EU-27 (SOURCE EUROSTAT) ... 107 FIG. 83: TERTIARY ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION BREAKDOWN IN THE EU-27 (SOURCE JRC) ... 109 FIG. 84: MARKET SHARE OF ENTR LOT 6 AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEMS BY TYPE (SHARES BY
COOLING CAPACITY) IN THE EU, 2008 (SOURCE PREPARATORY STUDY ENTR LOT 6, TASK 2 [ADN2011]) ... 118 FIG. 85: EU-27 STOCK TRENDS BY COOLING CAPACITY IN GW (SOURCE PREPARATORY
STUDY ENTR LOT 6, TASK 2 [ADN2011]) ... 118 FIG. 86: ESTIMATE STOCK OF CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONING UNITS BY NUMBER (SOURCE
PREPARATORY STUDY ENTR LOT 6, TASK 2 [ADN2011])... 119 FIG. 87: LIFT DISTRIBUTION BY SECTOR IN EUROPE (SOURCE E4-PROJECT [ALM2011])... 121 FIG. 88: LIFT DISTRIBUTION ACCORDING TO BUILDING TYPE IN THE EU (SOURCE E4- PROJECT [ALM2011]) ... 121 FIG. 89: NUMBER OF LIFTS INSTALLED IN THE EU-27 (SOURCE E4-PROJECT [ALM2011]) .... 122 FIG. 90: ANNUAL ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION OF LIFTS IN THE EU-27 (SOURCE E4- PROJECT)... 122 FIG. 91: ESTIMATION OF TOTAL ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION OF LIFTS ACCORDING TO
DIFFERENT SCENARIOS (SOURCE E4-PROJECT)... 123 FIG. 92: ESTIMATION OF ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION OF LIFTS IN THE TERTIARY SECTOR
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List of Tables
TAB. 1: FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN THE EU-17 (SOURCE EUROSTAT, JRC) ... 11 TAB. 2: FINAL ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION IN THE EU-27 (SOURCE EUROSTAT, JRC)... 19 TAB. 3: FINAL RESIDENTIAL ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION OF THE EU-27 MEMBER STATES
(SOURCE EUROSTAT) ... 20 TAB. 4: FINAL GAS CONSUMPTION TRENDS IN THE EU-27 (SOURCE EUROSTAT, JRC)... 29 TAB. 5: FINAL RESIDENTIAL GAS CONSUMPTION IN THE EU-27 MEMBER STATES IN KTOE
(SOURCE EUROSTAT) ... 30 TAB. 6: GAS PRICE TRENDS FOR HOUSEHOLDS IN THE EU- 27 IN € PER GJ (SOURCE
EUROSTAT)... 33 TAB. 7: OVERVIEW OF ECO-DESIGN MEASURES, 2011 (SOURCE EC)... 37 TAB. 8: NEW EU ENERGY EFFICIENCY CLASSES FOR HOUSEHOLD REFRIGERATING
APPLIANCES FROM DECEMBER 2011 TO 30 JUNE 2014 (SOURCE EC) ... 45 TAB. 9: NEW EU ENERGY EFFICIENCY CLASSES FOR HOUSEHOLD REFRIGERATING
APPLIANCES FROM 1 JULY 2014 (SOURCE EC)... 45 TAB. 10: NEW ENERGY EFFICIENCY CLASSES FOR WASHING MACHINES IN THE EU (SOURCE
EC)... 52 TAB. 11: NEW EU ENERGY LABEL CLASSES FOR TUMBLE DRIERS... 55 TAB. 12: NEW ENERGY EFFICIENCY CLASSES FOR HOUSEHOLD DISHWASHERS IN THE EU
(SOURCE EC)... 57 TAB. 13: ENERGY EFFICIENCY CLASSES FOR ELECTRIC OVENS WITH DIFFERENT VOLUMES
(SMALL, MEDIUM AND LARGE) IN THE EU (SOURCE EC) ... 59 TAB. 14 ECO-DESIGN REQUIREMENTS PROPOSED FOR SPACE AND COMBI HEATERS - FIRST
IMPLEMENTATION PHASE (SOURCE EC) ... 62 TAB. 15 ECO-DESIGN REQUIREMENTS PROPOSED FOR SPACE AND COMBI HEATERS -
SECOND IMPLEMENTATION PHASE (SOURCE EC)... 62 TAB. 16 ENERGY EFFICIENCY CLASSES BANNED BY ECODESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR AIR- CONDITIONERS (ELABORATION OF DATA AVAILABLE IN [EC2012D]). ... 70 TAB. 17: THE EU LED QUALITY CHARTER REQUIREMENTS (INCLUDING BALLAST) (SOURCE
EC)... 78 TAB. 18: MAXIMUM ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDEX (EEI) FOR DIRECTIONAL LAMPS SET IN THE
ECODESIGN REGULATION ([EC2012A])... 79 TAB. 19: ENERGY EFFICIENCY CLASSES FOR LAMPS UNDER THE NEW LABEL (SOURCE
[EC2012])... 80 TAB. 20: NEW ENERGY EFFICIENCY CLASSES FOR TELEVISIONS IN THE EU (SOURCE EC) . 84 TAB. 21: POWER CONSUMPTION LIMITS UNDER THE ECODESIGN MEASURE FOR
135
TAB. 22: FINAL TERTIARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN THE EU-27 (SOURCE EUROSTAT) .... 101 TAB. 23: FINAL TERTIARY ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION IN THE EU-27 (SOURCE EUROSTAT) ... 104 TAB. 24: FINAL TERITARY ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION IN THE EU-2 MEMBER STATES IN
GWH (SOURCE EUROSTAT) ... 104 TAB. 25: TERTIARY GAS CONSUMPTION TRENDS IN THE EU-27 (SOURCE EUROSTAT, JRC) ... 107 TAB. 26: FINAL TERTIARY GAS CONSUMPTION IN THE EU-27 MEMBER STATES IN KTOE
(SOURCE EUROSTAT) ... 108 TAB. 27 CURRENT SITUATION OF ECO-DESIGN MEASURES IN THE TERTIARY SECTOR: .... 110 TAB. 28: COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATING UNIT STOCK CONSUMPTION IN THE EU-27 IN 2007
(SOURCE [BER2009]) ... 115 TAB. 29: ESTIMATED SAVINGS OF THE ECODESIGN MEASURES (SOURCE EC)... 128
136
References
[BDH2011] Federal Industrial Association of Germany House, Energy and Environmental Technology: “Efficient systems and renewable energies, Technology and Energy Panel”, Cologne, 2011.
[BER2009] P. Bertoldi, B. Atanasiu: “Electricity Consumption and Efficiency Trends in European Union – Status Report 2009”, European Commission DG Joint Research Centre, 2009
[BER2010] P. Bertoldi: “The European Programme for Energy Efficiency in Data Centres: The Code of Conduct”, Presentation at DC Stakeholder Meeting, DG JRC European Commission, London, November 2010.
[COM2002] Commission Directive 2002/31/EC of 22 March 2002 implementing Council Directive 92/75/EEC with regard to energy labelling of household air-conditioners (Text with EEA relevance)
[COM2002a] Commission Directive 2002/40/EC of 8 May 2002 implementing Council Directive 92/75/EEC with regard to energy labelling of household electric ovens (Text with EEA relevance)
[COM2003] Commission Directive 2003/66/EC of 3 July 2003 amending Directive 94/2/EC implementing Council Directive 92/75/EEC with regard to energy labelling of household electric refrigerators, freezers and their combinations (Text with EEA relevance)
[COM2008] Commission Regulation (EC) No 1275/2008 of 17 December 2008 implementing Directive 2005/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to ecodesign requirements for standby and off mode electric power consumption of electrical and electronic household and office equipment
[COM2009] Commission Regulation (EC) No 107/2009 of 4 February 2009 implementing Directive 2005/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to ecodesign requirements for simple set-top boxes
[COM2009a] Commission Regulation (EC) No 244/2009 of 18 March 2009 implementing Directive 2005/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to ecodesign requirements for non-directional household lamps
[COM2009b] Commission Regulation (EC) No 245/2009 of 18 March 2009 implementing