This study has highlighted some important limitations and research opportunities for both the Thirlmere region and for chironomid use in Australia. To reduce the uncertainty in the analysis and improve the reliability of interpretations it is recommended that:
The southeast Australia training set created by Chang et al (2015) be expanded in two ways. The first, to be a more inclusive representation of taxa found within the focus region, and secondly to better represent hydrologically variable systems. This can be accomplished by re-sampling lakes to capture the potential variability of the systems. Alternatively, a new training set can be established which focuses specifically on hydrologically variable or ephemeral systems. Thus, providing a more appropriate training set to be applied to a system like that of Thirlmere Lakes, which is considered to straddle the divide between a lacustrine and palustrine environment.
An effort should be made to extensively increase the understanding of chironomids in Australia and their use as palaeoenvironmental indicators. This is especially important as Australian chironomid taxa have generally different ecological requirements and tolerances, to that of related taxa in the Northern Hemisphere. Increased knowledge on this basis will help to better interpret chironomid assemblages to infer past environmental conditions.
Future chironomid research should be conducted as a part of a multi-proxy analysis which incorporates proxies examining different but related variables, influencing both
the chosen proxy and the larger system. Carefully choosing the proxies used can help to first validate interpretations from the chironomid record, and secondly allow holistic interpretations of the entire studied system.
Possible future research opportunities for chironomid analysis in Australia and for within Thirlmere Lakes include:
Additional analysis of possible lake environments through the Holocene from different proxies such as charcoal and diatoms. A multi-proxy analysis would help to reduce the limitations of chironomid analysis, specifically by allowing the opportunity for confounding variables affecting the assemblages to be disentangled. Additional proxies would also enable a more detailed understanding of the systems and its evolution through the Holocene.
Fossil chironomid analysis on a sediment core from modern chironomid zone 2, to determine if modern between-lake variability is a modern phenomenon or if it has been consistent through time. Investigating the temporal scale of this variability would increase our understanding of the in-lake processes at Thirlmere Lakes and how they have evolved through time.
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