Esquemas y diagramas de las propuestas planteadas para el Despacho

Site Period n H rb C +O C pr Ovi S ource

Palegawra 0 2459 96.9 26.1 10.9 15.2 Tumbull and Reed 1974

Zarzi 0 12 ? X X absent Garrod 1930

Warwasi 0 15 100.0 40.0 40.0 absent Tum bull 1975

Ganj Dareh 3 29381 93.7 98.1 87.6 10.4 H esse 1984

Tepe Asiab 3 1104 68.1 35.5 24.8 10.8 Bokonyi 1977

Tape Guran 4+5 2420 ? X X X Flannery 1967 cited in H esse 1978

Tepe Sarab 5 7093 97.5 84.5 24.3 60.2 B o k o n y i1977

Taxa Codes: Hrb=% of major medium and large herbivores in n, C+0=total Capra aegagrus, C apra hircus, O vis orientalis and O vis aries, C pr=C apra aegagrus or Capra hircus, Ovi=Ov/j orientalis or O vis aries

Q uantitative D ata: all % NISP execept: x= taxon present (excluded from n and % NISP calculations), X=most abundant taxon (excluded from n and NISP calculations), Bold Type=most common taxon in faunal assemblage (major medium and large herbivores only)

Table 6.10: Changes in Caprine Frequency between Periods 0 and 5 Zagros Uplands

Unfortunately the apparent abandonment of the Zagros Uplands between the beginning of Period 1 and the beginning of Period 3 (see 5.2) has meant that there is no continuous sequence of faunal data from the area with which to examine changes in caprine frequency. The limited data in Table 6.10 do however suggest that the Zagros Uplands was one of the areas of south-west Asia in which high frequencies of caprines between

Periods 3 and 5 had been preceded by high frequencies of caprines in earlier periods. The presence of varied but generally significant frequencies of wild goat in all Period 0 faunal assemblages from the area is unsurprising given that wild goats would almost certainly have been especially abundant in the Zagros Uplands during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene (see 6.2.3 above). However, there is evidence to suggest that by the time settlement in the Zagros uplands was re-established at beginning of Period 3 there had been a significant increase in the frequency of goat in at least some parts of the area. With a frequency of 87.6% goats were easily the most common taxon in the Period 3 faunal assemblage from Ganj Dareh, from the beginning of the site’s occupation at c.9,000b.p.. Although sheep were present in a number of Period 0 and 3 faunal assemblages from the Zagros uplands, their frequency seems to have been low, generally less than 15%. Unfortunately quantitative faunal data from Period 4 is lacking, however evidence from Tepe Sarab, where sheep comprised 60.2% of the faunal assemblage and were the most common taxon, suggests that by Period 5 there had been significant increase in the frequency of sheep in at least some parts of the area, however their presence during Period 4 cannot be ruled out at the current stage of research.

6 2.4.9: Zagros Piedmont:

Site Period n H rb C+O C pr O vi S ource

Shanidar Cave B2 1 ? ? X X X Perkins 1964

M'lefaat 2 142 92.9 37.9 absent 37.9 Tumbull 1983

Karim Shahir 2 193 94.2 68.2 6.8 61.4 Stampfli 1983

Shanidar Cave B 1 2 63 100.0 100.0 57.1 42.9 Perkins 1964

Zawi Chemi Shanidar 2 1221 100.0 51.0 7.1 43.9 Perkins 1964

A li Kosh BM 3 1858 99.6 72.1 72.1 absent Hole, Flannery and N eely 1969

A li Kosh AK 4 4430 99.5 60.5 59.1 1.4 Hole, Flannery and N eely 1969

Jarmo 4+5 6642 98.1 83.2 55.2 27.9 Stampfli 1983

A li Kosh MJ 5 1342 97.3 53.9 40.9 12.9 Hole, Flannery and N eely 1969

Tepe Tula'i 5 2576 98.2 98.0 98.0 absent H ole 1974

T axa Codes: Hrb=% o f major medium and large herbivores in n, C+0=total C apra aegagrus, C apra hircus, O vis orientalis and Ovis aries, Cpr=C apra aegagrus or Capra hircus, Ovi=Ov;j orientalis or Ovis aries

Q uantitative D ata: all % NISP execept: x= taxon present (excluded from n and % NISP calculations), X=most abundant taxon (excluded from n and NISP calculations), Bold Type=most common taxon in faunal assemblage (major medium and large herbivores only)

Table 6.11: Changes in Caprine Frequency between Periods 1 and 5 Zagros Piedmont

The limited data in Table 6.11 suggest that the Zagros Piedmont was one of the areas of south-west Asia in which high frequencies of caprines between Periods 3 and 5 had

been preceded by equally high frequencies of caprines during Periods 1 and 2. Goat was present in most Period 1 and 2 faunal assemblages from the area; although its frequency seems to have varied widely. From Period 3 onwards goat seems to have been present in high frequencies, generally in excess of 50%, in all faunal assemblages from the area and was typically the most common taxon. It should however be stressed that only one Period 3 faunal assemblage, i.e. Ali Kosh BM, has been published from the Zagros Piedmont. This apparent increase in the frequency of goat from Period 3 onwards may therefore be linked to the location of Ali Kosh outside the probable late Pleistocene and early Holocene range of mouflon. The fact that goat was the most common taxon in the Period 4/5 faunal assemblage from Jarmo, which is situated in an area potentially more suited to mouflon than wild goat, does however suggest that there may have been a significant increase in the frequency of goats in parts of the Zagros Piedmont during Period 4. The presence of sheep in high frequencies, typically in excess of 35%, in the Period 1 and 2 faunal assemblages from northem parts of the Zagros Piedmont is unsurprising, as mouflon would almost certainly have been especially abundant in this area during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene (see 6.2.3 above). However, mouflon seems to have been absent in the Period 3 faunal assemblage from Ali Kosh BM, which suggests that the Deh Luran plain lay outside its late Pleistocene and early Holocene range. During Period 4 sheep appeared on the Deh Luran plain for the first time at Ali Kosh AK, albeit in extremely low numbers, and during Period 5 their frequency increased to 12.9% at Ali Kosh MJ. This suggests that sheep may have been introduced to this part of the Zagros Piedmont during Period 4.

6.2.5: Size Change:

It has long been recognised that a degree of size reduction accompanied the domestication of caprines (Bokonyi 1969, Boessneck and von den Driesch 1978). As the wild or domestic status of caprines at late Pleistocene and early Holocene sites in south-west Asia is potentially uncertain, almost all analyses of caprine remains from these sites include some discussion of size change relative to other strata at the same site and/or to other sites in the vicinity. Notwithstanding the fact that there are a number of problems associated with the use of observed size reduction to identify early domesticates (see 6.2.2 above), a number of researchers (Uerpmann 1979, Helmer 1989, Legge 1996) have published reviews which draw together the results of some o f these metrical analyses of caprine remains from late Pleistocene and early Holocene sites

throughout south-west Asia. This section draws on the results of these reviews in an attempt to examine the geography and chronology of caprine size change more closely.

6.2.5.1: Uerpmann (1979):

Uerpmann (1979) employed a size-index method, using a modem adult female mouflon from western Iran and the average of a modem adult male and female wild goat from the Taums Mountains as the respective standard animals, to examine size change in caprine remains from a series of south-west Asian faunal assemblages which date from the Palaeolithic to the Bronze Age. With regard to the late Pleistocene and early Holocene goat remains, the Epipalaeolithic period is represented by Jitta (Period 0) and Palegawra (Period 0), the Proto-Neolithic by Jericho (Period 2), Zawi Chemi Shanidar (Period 2), Karim Shahir (Period 2) and Tepe Asiab (Period 3), the Early Neolithic by Çayônü Lower-Upper (Period 3), Ganj Dareh A-E (Period 3), Asikli Hôyük (Period 3) and Can Hasan III (Period 4), and the Pottery Neolithic by Tepe Sarab (Period 5), Hajji Fimz (Period 6) and Belt Cave (Period 6). With regard to the late Pleistocene and early Holocene sheep remains, the Epipalaeolithic period is represented by Palegawra (Period 0), the Proto-Neolithic by Mureybet II-III (Period 2), Zawi Chemi Shanidar (Period 2), Karim Shahir (Period 2) and Tepe Asiab (Period 3), the Early Neolithic by Çayônü Lower-Upper (Period 3), Askili Hôyük (Period 3), Can Hassan III (Period 4) and Bouqras (Period 4), and the Pottery Neolithic by Tepe Sarab (Period 5), Hajji Firuz (Period 6) and Belt Cave (Period 6).

This review suggested that although there was no significant size change in either goat or sheep remains from these faunal assemblages through the late Palaeolithic, Epipalaeolithic and Proto-Neolithic periods (Period 2 and first half of Period 3), by the Early Neolithic period (i.e.: second half of Period 3 and Period 4) both taxa had undergone a significant episode of size reduction which continued into the Pottery Neolithic (Periods 5 and 6). However, as Legge (1996, p.241) has previously noted, there are a number of problems with Uerpmann’s (1979) review. Some of the samples of caprine remains are rather small and, more problematically, combine material from sites which are widely separated in time and space into a single sample for each of the main periods. Consequently, it seems highly probable that both wild and domestic caprines are represented in the important Early Neolithic samples, for example: “it is likely, on the basis of their large size, that the goat bones from Askili Hôyük and

Çayônü (early levels) are from wild animals, whereas those from Ganj Dareh are domestic” (Legge 1996, p.241).

6.2.S.2: Helmer (1989):

Helmer (1989), in his review of size change in caprine remains from 15 south-west Asian sites dating from Period 3 to Period 5, employed a log-ratio method using specimens of wild goat and mouflon from Cafer Hôyük as standard animals, but in contrast to Uerpmann (1979) examined the data from each site separately. Although this approach reduced already small sample sizes still further, some consistent patterns emerged in the results which add important chronological and geographical detail to Uerpmann’s conclusion that goats and sheep underwent an episode o f significant size reduction in south-west Asia during Period 3 and 4. Helmer’s (1989) review is especially valuable because it focuses primarily on the comparatively under-explored northem Levant. The results of Helmer’s (1989) review are summarised in Tables 6.12 and 6.13 for goats and sheep respectively. The size range of samples are described relative to each other and to modem reference material in the comments column: Targe’ for samples in the size-range of modem wild caprines, and ‘small’ and ‘very small’ for samples in the size range of modem domestic caprines.

1) Goats: Helmer’s reveiw of late Pleistocene and early Holocene goat remains from