RESISTENCIA HUMEDA (Mpa)
16.4 ESTABILIDAD RESIDUAL
ULRICH QUENDT1,THORSTEN HAASE2,JÜRGEN HEß3
1Cereal Breeding Research Darzau, Darzau Hof 1, D-29490 Neu Darchau, Germany. www.darzau.de, [email protected] 2Landesbetrieb Landwirtschaft Hessen, Kölnische Straße 48-50, 34117 Kassel, Germany
3Department of Organic Farming & Cropping Systems, Nordbahnhofstrasse 1A, D-37213 Witzenhausen, Germany Key words: winter pea, organic plant breeding, inter cropping, mixed cropping
Summary: Since 2004 Cereal Breeding Research Darzau is breeding winter peas adapted to organic conditions, resistance to frost under continental influence, low precipitation and sandy soils. Selection of winter pea takes place in intercropping with cereals. Until now there were no practical experiences how the progeny lines and its morphological traits will perform in mixed cropping with different mixture partners in yield testing. A three year project was set up to test progeny lines, varieties and genetic resources with 5 mixture partners at two locations. The genotypes were evaluated for field emergence, frost resistance, soil cover, lodging, disease resistance, protein content and yield.Background
Grain legumes are one of the limited sources for nitrogen input in organically managed cropping systems. Grain legumes can be a source of home- grown feed resources. But due to disease susceptibility, yield instability and a low market value the grain legumes growing area also in the organic sector extremely decreased in the last decades. To turn around the situation new strategies for grain legumes were searched for. Urbatzka et al. (2012) showed that winter peas are more favourable to organic farming compared with spring peas. Pre-tests of winter peas at Darzau also showed favourable traits in adaptation on sandy soils and early spring droughts due to the developed root system over winter. Up to now real winter hardiness could be found predominantly in old fashioned fodder peas like Austrian winter pea types, which mean tall plants, indeterminate growth habit, normal leaf type, coloured flowers and low TKM. Coloured flower are linked to dark pigmented seed coat with high content of tannins which interferes the digestion process of monogastric animals. At the moment there are no winter peas for use as grain protein livestock feed with corresponding traits for organic cropping available. To increase the suitability of winter peas for organic farming mixed cropping may be favourable. Mixed cropping increases the diversity of plants at field scale. Further advantages of mixed cropping are yield stability through compensation, reduced weed pressure and reduced pathogen pressure. Disadvantages can be competition between plants in mixture. Especially for mixed cropping of peas and cereals there has been observed strong competition of cereals against peas (Rauber et al. 2001). Little is known about the interaction of winter peas with diverse morphological traits in mixed cropping with cereals or oil crops.
Introduction
After 10 years organic breeding of winter peas at Cereal Breeding Research Darzau there are many different progeny lines of winter peas available with different morphological traits in leaf type – semi-leafless and normal leaf, flower colour – coloured and white flowering and plant height – short 50 up to 180cm. The selected progeny lines are adapted to the conditions at Darzau (continental influence, predominantly dry and sandy soils). The organic breeding of winter pea takes place in inter resp. mixed cropping. In the nursery we tested some cereals in different densities in intercropping with peas. But we did not know how the peas which are selected in intercropping in the nursery will perform in mixed cropping at field scale. In a three year experiment we tested the progeny lines of winter pea crosses at two locations with 5 mixing partner. The questions of the experiment were: (1) Show the progeny lines different performance with different mixing partners (2) if yes, which partner will be the best for which progeny line (3) are there differences in adaptation to the locations and (4) can the results related to the morphological traits for further selection decisions?
Method and Material
The experiment was set up from 2011 to 2013 at two locations Darzau (DAR) (53.2; 10.8, 680 mm; 8°C – Haplic Luvisol – texture: loam sand) and Hessische Staatsdomäne Frankenhausen (DFH) (51.4 N; 9.4 E; 698 mm; 8.5°C mean, Haplic Luvisol – texture: silt loam) – organically managed research farm of the university of Kassel. At the end of the project we had a collection of 16 winter pea genotypes – progeny lines, genetic resources and the reference variety EFB33 – differentiating in leaf type, flower colour and plant height (Table 1). Due to different preconditions of soil and nutrient level at the two locations we chose different mixture partners for the locations. The partners at Darzau were rye (Secale Sereale, cv. Lichtkornroggen), wheat (Triticum aestivum, cv. Govelino) and triticale (Triticosecale Wittmack, cv. Benetto) and at Frankenhausen rape (Brassica napus, cv. Visby), turnip (Brassica rapa, cv. Largo) and triticale. Only the mixture partner triticale was the same at two locations. We applied substitute mixtures - half of the normal seed density of every mixed cropping partner. For comparison reasons all partners were also grown in sole crop. The experiment design were complete randomized at Darzau and two-factorial split-plot at Frankenhausen. The sowing time was mid September. To differentiate the adaptation on mixed cropping resp. sole cropping we assessed crop emergence, over wintering rate (%), phenological development (BBCH
rye triticale wheat rape triticale turnip rye triticale wheat rape triticale turnip 44F1 sc 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.6 1.0 0.8 1.0 0.7 0.9 A1 sw 0.4 1.0 1.1 1.3 0.4 0.9 0.5 0.8 0.6 A4 sw 0.2 0.4 0.6 1.4 0.4 0.9 0.7 1.0 0.8 1.1 0.8 1.0 C1 sw 0.3 0.5 0.4 1.5 0.5 1.4 0.6 0.8 0.7 C3 sw 0.3 0.4 0.6 1.7 0.6 1.3 0.6 0.8 0.7 1.0 0.8 0.9 D6 sw 0.2 0.4 0.5 1.8 0.6 1.0 0.7 0.9 0.7 1.2 0.9 1.0 D7 sw 0.3 0.3 0.7 1.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.6 EFB33 nc 0.4 0.6 0.6 1.7 1.1 2.2 0.7 1.2 1.0 1.1 0.9 1.2 Griech nc 0.6 0.8 0.8 1.2 0.4 0.7 0.4 L1 nc 0.4 0.6 0.7 1.2 0.6 1.3 0.6 0.8 0.7 1.3 0.9 1.1 Nischkes nc 1.1 1.6 1.3 1.9 0.8 1.1 0.9 P1 nc 0.5 0.9 1.0 2.4 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.6 Würt. nc 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.8 1.1 2.2 0.4 0.8 0.5 I1 nw 0.3 0.3 0.4 1.1 0.4 0.9 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.6 0.8 I3 nw 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.9 0.4 0.8 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.8 Q2 nw 0.2 0.4 0.4 1.6 0.5 1.3 0.5 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.7 1.5 0.6 1.3 0.6 0.9 0.7 1.0 0.8 0.9
Table 2: Relative Yields - Yield of genotypes grown in mixture to the yield in sole crop - two locations (DAR and DFH), two years (2011 and 2013), 5 mixture partners
DAR 13 DFH 13
mean RY pea in mixture
*s=semileafless; n=normal leaf; c=color flower; w=white flower; light grey: (=>0.5) Genotypes achieved more than the half of the sole crop; dark grey: (=>1) Genotypes achieved the same or more than the sole crop and (=>2) Genotypes achieved more as double as the sole crop
leaf type and flower color*
genotype DAR 11 DFH 11
system), crop and weed cover (%), disease resistance, lodging, thousand-kernel mass (g), yield of the mixture partner(dt/ha), relative yields (deWit 1960) and grain protein concentration (%DM).
Outcomes and discussion
The results were strongly influenced by weather and soil condition of the different locations. The overwintering rate of the genotypes over all three years was higher at Frankenhausen (40 to 100%) than at Darzau (0 to 90 %). In the winter 2012 nearly all genotypes disappeared at Darzau due to three week bare frost where as at Frankenhausen under the same weather conditions only a few genotypes completely disappeared. The differences of the genotypes in the overwintering rate influenced plant cover, lodging and yield. To normalize the differences for yield we calculated relative yields (deWit 1960). The relative yields for pea are presented in Table 2. An entry with relative yield of 0.5 performed in relation to its seed density in sole crop as good as in mixed crop. An entry with greater than 0.5 achieved in mixed cropping more than in sole crop. And a relative yield greater than 1 indicates that an entry achieved double as much as in sole crop.
The performance of the genotypes showed differences for the mixture partners, the location and the morphological traits. The highest relative yields of the peas were found in mixtures with oil crops followed by the mixtures with triticale particularly at Darzau. The lowest relative yield was found in mixture with rye and wheat at Darzau. Rye was very competitive due to strong tillering and very broad leafs in the first development stages. In the later stages plant height of rye (160 cm) became another reason for suppression. Wheat also developed broad leafs in the first developing stages but the plant height was shorter (85 cm), so that suppression was not as strong as from rye. Triticale had the same plant height (90 cm) than wheat but leafs are not as broad as from rye or wheat so that competition was relative low in the beginning. Due to high nutrient levels at Frankenhausen triticale showed more tillering and was more competitive against peas. Even a lower seed density of triticale did not reduce the competition of triticale. At Frankenhausen rape and turnip showed the best relative yields for pea. The sowing date mid of September was too late for oil crops and the development was delayed so that the competition against peas was low. But the ripening time was 2 weeks earlier than of the pea. In contrast the cereals showed more accordance in ripening time to the peas. That makes cereals despite the higher competition more favourable for mixtures with peas than oil crops. In 2011 the genotypes of the morphological combination normal leaf type and colour flowering showed relative yields greater than 0.5 with all mixture partners. In 2013 the difference between the normal leaf, colour flowering and the semi-leafless, white flowering was not as distinctive as in 2011 but still there. Across all mixture partners the genotypes with normal leaf type and white flowers (I1 and I3) was not as competitive as the other genotypes and performed better in sole crop (Table 2).
Outlook
We found that most of the selected progeny lines were adapted to the climate of mid and north Germany. Depending on the location some of the progeny lines even the white flowering ones performed better or equal in frost resistance and yield than the standard variety EFB33. But the competitiveness in mixture with cereals of the semi-leafless and normal leaf, white flowering genotypes should be further increased especially at locations with low nutrient level like Darzau. Furthermore mixture cropping of peas and cereals can compensate yield even if peas failed completely never a zero yield occurred. Cultivating winter peas without mixed cropping is not suitable due to less weed resistance and lodging in sole crop. The optimal seed density of the cereal mixture partners for smallest competition and highest standing ability should be further evaluated. Also the crop management of winter peas with winter oil crops should be enhanced. Much more elaborated explanation of organic breeding of winter peas and results of the project will be presented at the conference.
Acknowledgements
The financial support of the project by the Federal Office for Agriculture and Food is gratefully acknowledged References
DeWit, C.T., 1960. On Competition. Verslagen von Landbouwkundige Onderzoekingen, 66, pp.1–82.
Rauber, R., Schmidtke, K. & Kimpel-Freund, H., 2001. The Performance of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and its Role in Determining Yield Advantages in Mixed Stands of Pea and Oat (Avena sativa L.). Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 187, pp.137–144.
Urbatzka P., Graß R., Haase T., Schüler C., Trautz D., Heß J. (2012): Grain yield and quality characteristics of different genotypes of winter pea in comparison to spring pea for organic farming in pure and mixed stands. Organic Agriculture. Vol. 1, Issue 4, 187-202
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Session A Poster A1