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This chapter describes the CME concept. It further explains how CME is integrated into the operational environments described in the previous chapters.

OVERVIEW

4-1. The TSOC in support of the GCC plans, coordinates, requests, and manages the CME at the theater level. CME is a subset of NA. CME is synchronized with the GCC’s contingency and theater campaign plans, as well as the DOS mission strategic plan of the AMEMB in the HN where operations are conducted. CME is designed to identify and address critical civil vulnerabilities in undergoverned and ungoverned areas or high-threat environments.

4-2. CME operations are planned, prepared for, executed, and assessed by elements of assigned CA forces in the United States Army Special Operations Command (USASOC). These forces, when deployed, are known as a CMSE. A CMSE is a task-organized CA force that conducts CME in a specified country or region. The CMSE is composed of a persistent-presence element of CA leaders and planners, and a presence-for-purpose element comprised of a CA team that may include enablers (for example, medical, engineer, and so on) who are task-organized for a specific time to execute a coordinated mission.

4-3. CME as a concept is depicted in Figure 4-1, page 4-2. CME is USSOCOM’s conceptual contribution, and it is part of the DOD’s strategy to build partner capacity in a preventive, population-centric, and indirect approach to enhance the capability, capacity, and legitimacy of partnered indigenous governments. The successful execution of CME operations addresses the causes or drivers of instability or popular grievances of the indigenous population that can be exploited by destabilizing elements within the operational environment to include violent extremists.

4-4. CME is designed to be preventive. While FID represents one of the primary operational activities associated with NA, CME supports a broader HN IDAD strategy by directly supporting the unified efforts of the AMEMB, country team, SAO, and HN government to counter violent extremism and to achieve self-sustainable stability.

4-5. CME uses the indirect approach, which focuses on both the adversary’s vulnerabilities and the vulnerabilities of the indigenous civil society. Through the use of targeted assessments and mission variable analysis (mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support available—time available and civil considerations [METT-TC]), actions are planned and executed in coordination with interagency and HN partners to address these vulnerabilities. The adversary’s weaknesses are exploited, and threats to civil society are addressed, by building the HN’s capability and capacity to eliminate the causes or drivers of instability. The objective of these actions is to eliminate, reduce, or mitigate the vulnerabilities to the indigenous civil society.

Figure 4-1. Civil-military engagement concept and lines of effort

4-6. CA core tasks are performed to mutually support security cooperation and FID with CME. CME assists the interagency and HN to address objectives within the areas of CA core tasks. The CA core tasks are all interrelated and mutually supporting within the FID environment. CA core tasks (established in FM 3-57) are depicted in Figure 4-2.

Figure 4-2. Civil Affairs core tasks in support of civil-military operations

4-7. NA is performed by providing SCA and advising HN efforts on the implementation of populace and resources control (PRC), FHA, and development measures. In addition, CMSEs perform CIM to advance CME and HN IDAD efforts.

4-8. FHA may be performed in conjunction with contingency planning that is manifested after employment of CMSEs. FHA is planned and executed in conjunction with TSOC or GCC shaping and deterrence operations.

4-9. SCA is performed by conducting civil reconnaissance and CIM and then recommending MOEs and MOPs in relation to the IDAD or mission strategic plan. CMSEs also support PRC measures with recommendations for implementation, as well as instruments to enforce policies.

4-10. PRC measures are implemented with, through, and by the interagency and HN in support of the IDAD plan. PRC measures are implemented through HN policies and legislation, which alleviates the impact of civil vulnerabilities. PRC measures are used in support of contingency operations when FHA is necessary, or MCA must be supported in conjunction with consequence management.

4-11. During civil reconnaissance, CIM is performed through passive or active efforts of information collection. Civil reconnaissance may be performed to identify critical nodes and links within the civil domain. In addition, civil reconnaissance is performed to continuously monitor or evaluate MOEs or MOPs. The CIM process promotes greater awareness of population-centric atmospheric analysis and cultural awareness. The incremental building of civil information supports development of the intelligence preparation of the battlefield and the COP.

4-12. The civil component of the environment is analyzed to determine vulnerabilities that could invite internal threats. Threats are identified within the civil component and addressed in the HN IDAD plan to advance capacity to ward off such threats or close sovereign capability gaps. Civil societies are commonly structured and most easily analyzed along the lines of CA functional areas within which the populace lives and functions. Internal defense threats seek this environment to establish support networks that could manifest into the active or tacit support for their cause. By dissecting the society along the segments aligned with CA functional areas, a given society and operational environment can be effectively analyzed.

Figure 4-3 depicts CA functional areas.

Figure 4-3. Civil Affairs functional areas

CIVIL-MILITARY ENGAGEMENT RELATIONSHIP