Estado de salud relacionado con la obesidad

As hypothesized (Figure 4.1b), there were significant relationships between pre-hike psychological measures and overuse injury severity. Significant correlations were found between two scores on two sub-scales of the social identification in-group measure (i.e., self-

index (r = - .21), implying that perceiving one’s self to be similar to other hikers is associated with performance decrements. Social identification scores were not significantly correlated with pain levels, nor did social identification significantly differentiate functional limitation occurrence, Wilk’s λ = .958, F (5, 92) = .81, p = .55, ɳp2 = .04, observed power = .278.

Higher scores on social identity content items related to not whining and being a purist were significantly correlated with higher pain levels (r = .17, r = .18). Participants with functional limitation reported significantly lower emphasis on social identity content of being sensible than those whose overuse injury did not induce functional limitation, the difference nearing significance (p = .05, d = .28). Scores of the other five social identity content items were not significantly related to measures of overuse injury severity.

Mental toughness scores were only directly related to one severity measure, performance decrements (r = - .20). However, mental toughness was hypothesized to moderate the influence of social identification on overuse injury pain severity, such that severity was high when both social identification and mental toughness were high (Figure 4.1c).

Per Table 4.10, mental toughness’ role as moderator was supported with four significant interaction terms. Simple slopes analyses were used to probe these interactions (Hayes, 2012). Graphs of simple slopes of significant interactions are presented in Figure 4.4. Graphs of simple slopes for all interactions can be viewed in Appendix F.

After controlling for the main effects of in-group homogeneity and mental toughness, the interaction term was significant and accounted for 9% of variance of the time loss index (b = .92, SE = .43, t = 2.12, p = .04). For this interaction (Figure 4.4a), the slope for low mental toughness was non-significant and negative, b = -.10, 95% CI [-.731, .528], t = -.32, p = .75. The slope for the mean value of mental toughness was non-significant and positive, b = .52, 95% CI [-.071, 1.115], t = 1.75, p = .08. The slope for high mental toughness was significant and positive, b = .50, 95% CI [.153, 2.14], t = 2.28, p = .02, with a large effect size.

The interaction term for mental toughness with in-group self-stereotyping was significant and accounted for 5% of variance of pain levels (b = .43, SE = .18, t = 2.42, p = .02). For this interaction (Figure 4.4b), the slope for low mental toughness was significant and negative, b = -.42, 95% CI [-.784, -.059], t = -2.30, p = .02, with a medium effect size. The slope at the mean value of mental toughness was non-significant and negative, b = -.13, 95% CI [-.382, .118], t = -1.05, p = .30. The slope for high mental toughness was non- significant and positive, b = .16, 95% CI [-.169, .482], t = .95, p = .34.

Regarding Figure 4.4c, lower miles index scores were indicative of performance decrements (i.e., higher severity). A negative relationship between social identification and the miles index meant that for higher values of social identification, the severity is higher. The slope for low mental toughness was non-significant and positive, b = .05, 95% CI [-.174, .276], t = .45, p = .65. At the mean value of mental toughness, the slope was non-significant and negative, b = -.14, 95% CI [-.295, .020], t = -1.73, p = .09. The slope for high mental toughness was significant and negative, b = -.33, 95% CI [-.510, -.143], t = -3.52, p < .01, with medium effect size.

Regarding the probability of the categorical severity outcome, functional limitation, the interaction term for mental toughness and in-group solidarity was significant (p = .03, b = .85, SE = .38, t = 2.20). A higher probability of functional limitation was indicative of higher severity. As shown in Figure 4.4d, the slope for low mental toughness was negative and neared significance (p = .05), with a large effect size (b = -.80, 95% CI [-1.58, .011], t = - 1.99). At the mean value of mental toughness, the slope was non-significant and negative, b = -.22, 95% CI [-6.55, .220], t = -.97, p = .33. When mental toughness was high, the slope was non-significant and positive, b = .36, 95% CI [-.182, .907], t = 1.31, p = .19. Overall the moderated regression revealed that mental toughness moderated some relationships between social identification and severity outcomes.

Table 4.10

Results of Moderation Analyses with Pre-hike In-group Identification Sub-scales as Predictors, Pre-hike Mental Toughness Scores as Moderator, and Post-hike Overuse Injury Pain Severity (i.e., Time-loss, Pain Level, Functional Limitation, Performance Decrements) as Outcomes

Predictors b SE B t p CI R2 b SE B t p CI R2 Constant 2.55 .36 7.09 <.01 1.84, 3.27 6.31 .16 38.57 <.01 5.99, 6.63 Solidarity .09 .34 .28 .78 -0.58, 0.77 -.10 .13 -.74 .46 -0.36, 0.16 MTI .94 .56 1.69 .09 -0.16, 2.04 .29 .23 1.27 .21 -0.16, 0.73 MTI x Solidarity .48 .49 .99 .33 -0.48, 1.44 .03 .33 .20 1.64 .11 -0.07, 0.74 .03 Constant 2.62 .38 6.83 <.01 1.86, 3.38 6.35 .16 40.33 <.01 6.04, 6.66 Satisfaction .19 .43 .44 .66 -0.66, 1.04 -.05 .22 -.24 .81 -0.49, 0.39 MTI .89 .53 1.67 .10 -0.16, 1.95 .24 .23 1.03 .30 -0.22, 0.69 MTI x Satisfaction .34 .70 .48 .63 -1.05, 1.73 .03 .26 .30 .88 .38 -0.33, 0.86 .02 Constant 2.64 .37 7.14 <.01 1.91, 3.37 6.40 .14 44.20 <.01 6.11, 6.68 Centrality .24 .20 1.19 .24 -0.15, 0.63 <.01 .11 .04 .97 -0.21, 0.21 MTI .90 .54 1.67 .10 -0.17, 1.97 .21 .21 .99 .32 -0.21, .63 MTI x Centrality .28 .27 1.04 .30 -0.25, 0.81 .03 .04 .14 .29 .77 -0.23, 0.31 .01 Constant 2.62 .36 7.26 <.01 1.90, 3.32 6.36 .14 45.82 <.01 6.09, 6.64 Self-stereotype .43 .38 1.14 .26 -0.32, 1.18 -.13 .13 -1.05 .30 -0.38, 0.12 MTI .79 .47 1.69 .10 -0.14, 1.72 .19 .19 1.02 .31 -0.18, 0.56 MTI x Self-stereotype .80 .58 1.39 .17 -0.34, 1.94 .07 .43 .18 2.42 .02* 0.08, 0.77 .05 Constant 2.54 .35 7.23 <.01 1.84, 3.23 6.40 .14 44.44 <.01 6.11, 6.68 Homogeneity .52 .30 1.74 .08 -0.07, 1.12 .11 .14 .84 .40 -0.16, 0.39 MTI .64 .43 1.50 .14 -0.21, 1.48 .16 .21 .78 .44 -0.25, 0.57 MTI x Homogeneity .92 .43 2.12 .04* 0.06, 1.77 .09 .03 .21 .15 .88 -0.38, 0.45 .02 Outcome: Overuse Injury Pain Severity

Table 4.10 (Continued)

Note. MTI = Mental Toughness Index. Solidarity, Satisfaction, Centrality, Self-stereotype, and Homogeneity are sub-scales of the in-group identification measure. Because functional limitation is a categorical outcome, R2 values are not applicable

* p < .05; ** p = .06. Predictors b SE B t p CI R2 b SE B t p CI Constant 149.89 97.07 1.54 .13 -42.13, 341.91 .25 .23 1.08 .28 -0.20, 0.70 Solidarity -5.38 20.46 -.26 .79 -45.28, 22.86 -.22 .22 -.97 .33 -0.65, 0.16 MTI 11.21 17.22 -.65 .52 -45.85, 35.09 -.58 .38 -1.52 .13 -1.32, 0.16 MTI x Solidarity .52 3.54 .15 .88 -6.49, 7.53 <.01 .85 .38 2.20 .03* 0.09, 1.60 Constant -45.40 158.14 -.29 .77 -358.22, 267.43 .39 .23 1.70 .09 -0.06, 0.85 Satisfaction 28.36 26.76 1.06 .29 -24.57, 81.30 -.08 .36 -.23 .81 -0.78, 0.61 MTI 23.03 28.80 .80 .43 -33.94, 80.00 -.56 .36 -1.55 .12 -1.27, 0.15 MTI x Satisfaction -5.29 4.83 -1.10 .28 -14.84, 4.26 .01 .21 .52 .40 .69 -0.81, 1.23 Constant 5.23 65.62 .08 .94 -124.56, 135.02 .43 .22 1.99 .05 0.01, 0.85 Centrality 24.38 13.53 1.80 .07 -2.38, 51.14 .10 .15 .65 .51 -0.21, 0.40 MTI 12.87 11.27 1.14 .26 -9.41, 35.16 -.65 .34 -1.93 .05 -1.30, 0.01 MTI x Centrality -4.41 2.30 -1.92 .06** -8.95, .13 .02 .03 .22 .12 .91 -0.40, 0.45 Constant -72.82 80.32 -.91 .37 -231.70, 86.06 .41 .21 1.92 .05 -0.01, 0.83 Self-stereotype 45.11 18.11 2.49 .01 9.28, 80.94 .05 .20 .26 .80 -0.35, 0.45 MTI 28.24 13.55 2.08 .04 1.44, 55.04 -.67 .33 -2.00 .05 -1.33, -0.01 MTI x Self-stereotype -8.46 3.00 -2.82 .01* -14.39, -2.54 .03 .35 .28 1.25 .21 -0.20, 0.90 Constant 33.56 77.84 .43 .67 -120.41, 187.54 .41 .22 1.89 .06 -0.02, 0.83 Homogeneity 20.39 17.69 1.15 .25 -14.61, 55.38 .07 .19 .39 .70 -0.30, 0.45 MTI 8.41 13.41 .63 .53 -18.12, 34.93 -.70 .34 -2.04 .04 -1.37, -0.03 MTI x Homogeneity -3.86 2.99 -1.29 .20 -9.76, 2.06 .01 .20 .27 .75 .45 -0.32, 0.72 Functional Limitation Performance Decrements

a. Severity: Time-loss Index b. Severity: Pain Level

c. Severity: Probability of Functional Limitation d. Severity: Performance Decrements (Miles Index)

Figure 4.4. Significant interactions between social identification and mental toughness on overuse injury severity. Predictors were social identification in-group identification sub-scales (horizontal axis). The moderator was mental toughness index scores. The outcomes were overuse injury pain severity measures (vertical axis). Lower performance is indicative of higher severity.

High Mean Low

Mental Toughness Index:

*

*

* **