IV. ESTUDIO EMPÍRICO
4.2 APLICACIÓN EMPÍRICA
4.2.4 Estimación de la Probabilidad de Efecto Contagio Entre
101. See for example, HA, 13.7.1849; 7.9.1849. Also see the G.B.H.'s handbill Plain Advice to All During The
Visitation of Cholera, 1849, which was issued after Sutherland’s September visit and warned against the consumption of fish, tainted meat and vegetables, and stressed that 'Drunkards always suffer most1.
102. Foster, op cit, note 21 above, p. 294. 103. HECH, 13.9.1849.
104. Beckett, op cit, note 42 above, p. 94. 105. HECH, 13.9.1849.
106. Manchester Guardian, 15.9.1849. 107. HA, 13.7.1849.
108. H. Cooper, The Borough of Hull Considered in Relation to the Health of its Inhabitants, 1849, p. 24. For Cooper cleanliness in the working man was a far greater virtue than in his rich neighbour on account of 'the
difficulties and sacrifices necessary for its attainment'.
109. James Smith of Deanston, Report to the G.B.H. on a
Preliminary Enquiry into the Sewerage, Drainage, and the Water Supply and the Sanitary Condition of the
Inhabitants of the Town and Borough of Kingston-Upon-Hull the County of York, 1850, p. 5.
110. Cooper, op cit note 108 above, p. 18. 111. Smith, op cit, note 109 above, p. 38. 112. HA, 7.9.1849.
113. HECH, 6.9.1849. 114. HA, 28.9.1849.
115. Foster, op cit, note 21 above, p. 303.
116. Sutherland Report, op cit, note 14 above, pp. 105-106. 117. Ibid., p. 106. Although Cooper expressed regret about the
fact that the majority of applicants had to be persuaded to seek medical treatment, it is significant that the visitors testified to 'the high value which the poor set upon house-to-house visitation as a mark of attention to their welfare.
118. HA, 13.7.1849.
120. Morris, op cit, note 5 above, p. 173, states that in 1832 there was a psychological reason for tar burning, as seeing or smelling acrid fumes helped to reassure
frightened communities that something was being done to counter the disease.
121. HA, 13.7.1849.
122. Sutherland Report, op cit, note 14 above, p. 103. Also see HA, 14.9.1849. which reported that 'there is not a place in the town where the poor ... can obtain a dose of medicine without paying for it.
123. Foster, op cit, note 21 above, p. 300, states that Hull's medical men were divided over cholera should be treated. Also see Gillett & MacMahon, op cit, note 60 above, p. 256 for details of the dispute which originated in 1832. 124. For Sandwith, see: Lancet, ii, 1849, 491.
125. HA, 13.7.1849. 126. Ibid.
127. Ibid., 21.9.1849.
128. Report of the Medical Superintendent of the Board of Guardians of Sculcoates Union, HA, 19.10.1849. For the deaths see Foster, op cit, note 21 above, p. 302.
129. Beckett, op cit, note 42 above, p. 94. 130. HECH, 6.9.1849.
131. Sibree, op cit, note 94 above, p. 91. 132. Beckett, op cit, note 42 above, p. 97.
133. For the role of medical men, see: Smith, op cit, note 109 above, pp. 76-80. For Myton Commissioners see HA,
12.7.1850. 134. Ibid., 67-68.
135. HA, 21.6.1850. Recent developments such as the decision of the Sculcoates Guardians to dismiss their Inspector of Nuisances and murmurings of the need for 'economy' acted as timely reminders to reformers that the muck interest still wielded considerable influence amongst the local authorities.
136. HA, 8.11.1850. 137. Ibid.
139. Beckett, op cit, note 46 above pp. 101-102. The Sanitary Committee was formed to oversee and coordinate the work of the newly appointed Inspector of Nuisances in such areas as the prevention of epidemic diseases, the abatement of nuisances and the regulation of common lodging houses, slaughterhouses and fish curing establishments. A Works Committee was elected to
supervise the work of the Surveyor. This was divided into three sub-committees, with responsibility for
streets and highways, sewerage and drainage and cleansing and lighting.
140. Leeds Mercury, (LM), 23.9.1848; 14.10.1848. 141. Ibid., 16.6.1849; 23.6.1849.
142. Leeds Intelligencer, (LI), 21.7.1849.
143. Leeds Times, (LT) 29.7.1849. Also see Sutherland Report, op cit, note 14 above, p. 152.
144. LM, 18.8.1849.
145. All from Times, 19.8.1849 - 15.9.1848.
146. Leeds Union Guardians (LUG) Minutes 11.10.1848. 147. J. Toft, Public Health in Leeds in the Nineteenth
Century. A Study of the Growth of Local Government Responsibility, Unpublished MA Thesis, University of Manchester, 1966, p. 51.
148. Ibid., p. 49. Also see T. Dillon, 'The Irish in Leeds', Publications of the Thoresby Society, 54, 1971, 2.
Dillon says that many were Irish immigrants who had come to Leeds in the somewhat forlorn hope of finding work. 149. Toft, op cit, note 147 above, p. 50; LUG, Minutes,
9.6.47.
150. LUG, Minutes, 16.6.1847.
151. Ibid., 11.10.1848. Also see: Toft, op cit, note 147, p. 56.
152. LUG, Minutes, 1.11.1848. 153. LT, 14.10.1848.
154. LM, 23.9.1848.
155. Ibid., 30.9.1848; 14.10.1848. The question of how bowel complaints should be treated loomed large. In line with the directives issued by the G.B.H., people were advised to seek the aid of qualified medical men, preferably those employed by the Guardians, who would administer astringent medicines. Under no circumstances, it was
purgative medicines. Also see ibid., 23.9.1848. which states that a local surgeon had published and distributed a pamphlet containing ’practical rules’ for arresting cholera.
156. LI, 16.6.1849. & 23.6.1849.
157. LUG, Minutes, 20.6.1849; LM, 23.6.1849. 158. LM, 28.7.1849.
159. Ibid.
160. Toft, op cit, note 147 above, p. 58.
- 161. Sutherland Report, op cit, note 14 above, p. 121. 162. LUG, Minutes, 31.7.1849 163. Ibid., 31.7.1849; 8.8.1849. 164. LT, 25.8.1849. 165. LM, 4.8.1849 166. Ibid., 11.8.1849. 167. Ibid., 18.8.1849. 168. Times, 15.8.1849; LI, 18.8.1849.
169. Toft, op cit, note 147 above, p. 59; LM, 23.6.1849. Where a report confirms that at the beginning of the month the Sanitary Committee earmarked the Mendicity Office for use as both a hospital and House of Refuge. Whether or not at this stage the hospital was for the treatment of diarrhoea or cholera cases is unclear. However, LUG, Minutes, 15.8.1849. and LI 18.8.1849.
Indicate that as the epidemic intensified the facilities at the Medicity Office became inadequate. The Guardians were unable to provide extra hospital space on the
premises because they had already erected a temporary morgue in the yard and had to re-open the fever sheds. Although the Guardians did everything in their power to find extra hospital space and to employ more nurses, washerwomen and helpers, the shortage of hospital space was such that many people who required treatment had to be turned away. More seriously, perhaps, the fact that the House of Refuge was in the same building as one of the hospitals, and both were on the same site as the
temporary morgue, was hardly consistent with the G.B.H.’s advice.
170. Sutherland Report, op cit, note 14 above, pp. 121-122. 171. LM, 18.8.1849.
172. Sutherland Report, op cit, note 14 above, p. 122. 173. LT, 18.8.1849.
174. LT, 15.9.1849. 175. LM, 6.10.1849. 176. Ibid., 20.10.1849.
177. E.P. Hennock, Fit and Proper Persons: Ideal and Reality in Nineteenth Century Urban Government, 1973, p. 192 178. Henriques, op cit, note 44 above, p. 123.
179. B. Barber, 'Municipal Government in Leeds 1835-1914', in D. Fraser, ed., Municipal reform and the industrial city, 1982, p. 70.
180. LI, 11.8.1849. 181. LT, 1.9.1849.
182. A.B. Reach, The Yorkshire Textile Districts in 1849, edited by C. Aspin, 1974, p. 35.
183. Ibid., 1.9.1849, also see LM, 7.9.1849. 184. LT, 8.9.1849. 185. Ibid. 186. LM, 4.8.1849. 187. Ibid, 25.8.1849; LT, 25.8.1849. 188. LI, 29.9.1849. 189. Ibid, 18.8.1849. 190. LM, 22.12.1849. 191. Ibid, 20.10.1849.
192. LUG, Minutes, 12.9.1849. Also see W.R. Stephens, The Life and Times of William Hook, 1878, Vol 2, p. 250.
193. BPP 1845, [602] XVIII, Second Report of the Commissioners on the State of Large Towns and Populous Districts with Minutes of Evidence and Appendix, (Part I and Part II), Appendix Part II to the Second Report, (Large Towns) p. 314.
194. LM, 8.9.1849; LT, 15.9.1849. 195. LM, 8.9.1849.
196. C.J. Morgan, ’The Leeds Cholera Epidemic of 1832’, Journal of Local and Regional Studies, 3 (1), 1983, 21. PRO MH 12, 152229, This minute states that the Leeds Guardians sanitary expenses for the six months including the epidemic came to £652.
197. LM, 13.10.1849. For example, reports that £27 was
collected in the outlying district of Chapel Allerton. 198. R.J. Morris, Class, Sect and Party: The making of the
British middle class: Leeds, 1820-1850, 1990, p. 207. 199. LT, 18.8.1849. stated that after the authorities had
accomplished all in their power ’much remains for the individual to do'.
200. Ibid., 18.8.1849. 201. LM, 8.9.1849. 202. LT, 25.8.1849.
203. Ibid., 21.10. 1849. People were warned also against half measures. Deodorization was dismissed as a palliative
rather than a cure for sanitary hazards. ’Get rid of the nuisance', the paper urged its readers, and ’the smell will no longer be there'.
204. Ibid., 28.7.1849. Once cholera was diagnosed, the
authorities made brushes and lime available to the poor from the Manure Depot in Waterloo Street. Similar
provision was made by the Overseers in Hunslet. Also see: R . Evans, Death in Hamburg: Society and Politics in the Cholera Years 1830-1910, 1987, p. 118. Evans argues that the movement to reform the sanitary habits of the poor was part of a wider middle class campaign to civilise the working class.
205. R. Baker, Report to the Leeds Board of Health, 1833. Also see: Morgan, op cit, note 196 above, p. 24, who argued that although it was not Baker’s intention to enter into the controversies over theories of disease causation, he made clear his miasmatist beliefs.
206. LM, 23.6.1849. 207. Ibid., 4.8.1849. 208. Ibid., 25.8.1849. 209. Ibid. 210. LI, 11.8.1849. 211. Ibid.? LM, 18.8.1849. 212. LT, 18.8.1849.
213. Ibid., 10.11.1849.
214. M. Pelling, Cholera, Fever and English Medicine, 1835- 1865, 1978, pp. 181-197. 215. LM, 29.9.1849. 216. Ibid., 11.8.1849. 217. Ibid. 218. LT, 18.8.1849. 219. LM, 29.9.1849. 220. LUG, Minutes, 16.6.1849.
221. Letter quoted in Toft, op cit, note 147 above, p. 57. This was consistent the view expressed in M.A. Crowther, The Work House System; a History of an English Social Institution, 1981, p. 250, that ’the ancient fear that vagrants carried disease revived strongly during ... cholera epidemics1.
222. LI, 8.9.1849.
223. PRO MH 12 15229 letter to the P.L.B. 18.8.1849; cf. LM, 18.8.1849. Also, it should be remembered that the
purpose of Houses of Refuge was not to ensure the
separation of the healthy from the sick, but to enable
the healthy from infected houses to escape the miasmatic atmospheres around their homes. For burials, see, LM,
29.9.1849. 224. LM, 15.9.1849. 225. LT, 8.9.1849.
226. Second Report, op cit, note 193 above, p. 314. 227. Sutherland Report, op cit, note 14 above, p. 121. 228. LM, 29.9.1849.
229. Ibid.
230. LT, 15.9.1849. The individual in question was said to have claimed two coffins and a sum of money from the Guardians in order to pay for the funerals of his
parents, both of whom died of cholera. Both the Leeds and Hunslet Guardians had agreed to contribute to the funeral costs in cases where the deceased were unable to pay. Foster, however, had already received a payment of £17 from the Odd Fellows Lodge before he applied for financial assistance from the Guardians. The Magistrates took a dim view of Foster's actions, sentencing him to one month's imprisonment. LUG, Minutes, 26.9.1849, record
introduced a more rigorous system of checking claims and took steps to retrieve money from people who had already received payments from funeral clubs or friendly
societies. Also see: LT, 15.9.1849. which states that payments from Friendly Societies appear to have risen dramatically during the epidemic; in Morley, near Leeds, over £560 was paid to members by mid-September;
elsewhere, several were reported to have completely exhausted their funds.
231. LT, 25.8.1849.
232. Ibid., 1.9.1849. All of Leeds' newspapers carried adverts for alternative remedies. Others openly backed
alternative medical systems. For example, a radical local journal The People: Their Rights and Liberties, Their Duties And Their Interests, 66, Vol 11, 1849, p. 109, gave details of hydropathic cures for cholera and of a medicine which people could prepare themselves. All the ingredients were readily available from chemists. 233. LUG, Minutes, 15.8.1849.
234. LM, 4.8.1849. 235. Times, 8.8.1849.
236. For first quote, LM, 5.6.1849. For the second see: Leeds Improvement Act, Report Book, 29.9.1849. Cf. Times,
8.9.1849. which reported that many people in Leeds 'believed in cholera's infectious nature'.
237. LT, 6.10.1849. 238. Ibid.
239. Ibid.
240. PRO MH 12 15229, Letter from Leeds Guardians to Poor Law Board.
241. LT, 25.8.1849; 8.9.1849. 242. LM, 29.9.1849.
243. Barber, op cit, note 179 above, pp. 66-67. 244. Hennock, op cit, note 177 above, p. 199.
245. Sutherland Report, op cit, note 14 above, p. 111. For local feeling see: LT, 11.8.1849; 1.9.1849.
246. LI, 11.8.1849. 247. Ibid.
249. LT, 6.10. 1849. Opined that the Council had 'acted wisely in deciding to supply the borough with a large and
complete system of main sewers'. LM, 6.10.1849; LI 6.10.1849. express similar views.
250. LI, 6.10.1849.
251. Hennock, op cit, note 177 above, p. 199. Also see A.W. Morrant, Description of the Leeds Sewerage Works, 1876, pp. 1-4.
PART 2 CONTINUED