ESTRATEGIAS DE CONTINUIDAD EN LA COOPERATIVA ALIANZA DEL VALLE

The following terms are used in the descriptions of the species found in this study (diagrams in figure 5.1):

ABDOMEN: “third chamber or segment of nassellarinid test” (Pessagno 1976).

ANTICEPHALIC CHAMBER/LOBE: Section of the cephalis at the base of which the dorsal spine is located. Separated from the eucephalic lobe by the apical spine. When this section is separated from the rest of the shell by a pored wall it is called the antecephalic chamber (Boltovskoy 1998).

APICAL HORN: Spine at apex of cephalis, arising from the external extension of the apical spine (Nassellarians); or spine at apex of shell (Phaeodarians).

APICAL PORES: “Variable number of large pores situated near apical horn in nassellarians” (Pessagno 1976).

APICAL SPINE: Internal cephalic spine, which branches off the median bar close to the point of insertion of the dorsal spine. The apical spine can protrude outside of the cephalis, in which case its external section is called apical horn (Boltovskoy 1988) APPENDAGES: Any external or internal protruding outgrowth of the skeletal meshwork (Boltovskoy 1998).

ARCHES: Anastomosed skeletal outgrowths of the main spines, such as the one forming the upper section of the sagittal ring (Boltovskoy 1998)

ARMS: Projections radiating from a central disc in some Spongodiscaceae.

AXIAL SPINE: Spine projecting from the median bar and orientated toward the thorax and subsequent segments; can be simple or branched. Also called axobate.

(Boltovskoy 1998).

BAR:

1971).

BY-SPINES

(Campbell 1954).

CAMPANULATE:

CEPHALIC SKELETAL ELEMENTS

cephalis: considered important in interpretation of the phylogeny of the Nassellariina” (Pessagno 1976).

CEPAHLIS:

1976).

CERVICAL STRICTURE:

thorax. (Boltovskoy

1998).

CHAMBER:

be divided (Boltovskoy 1998).

CORTICAL SHELL

Spumellariina; may be latticed or spongy” (Pessagno 1976).

DISCOIDAL:

DORSAL SPINE:

opposite end of the vertical spine, next to the apical and secondary lateral spines. The dorsal spine can protrude outside of the cephalis at the level of the cervical stricture. (Boltovskoy 1998).

EUCEPHALIC LOBE:

bar (Boltovskoy 1998).

FEET:

tests

GATES:

the pores (Boltovskoy 1998).

JOINT

LATERAL SPINES:

primary lateral spines (right and left) are located in the vicinity of the vertical spine, while the secondary ones (right and left) are inserted close to the apical spine (Boltovskoy 1998).

LATTICED SHELL:

MAIN SPINES:

median bar from which the apical, vertical dorsal and lateral spines arise (Boltovskoy 1998).

MEDIAN BAR: The basic nassellarian internal skeletal element, which supports the apical, vertical, dorsal and lateral spines. Its position defines the limit between the cephalis and the thorax (Boltovskoy 1998).

MEDULLARY SHELL(S) (Spumellaria): “One or more concentrically arranged inner shells beneath cortical shell of certain Spumellariina” (Pessagno 1976)

MOUTH (Nassellaria): “Primary aperture of nassellariinid test” (Pessagno 1976). NECK: Elongated section of shell joining cephalis and thorax (Boltovskoy 1998).

PATAGIUM: A delicate, spongy meshwork in some Spongodiscidae, which differs from the main shell by its looser structure (Boltovskoy 1998).

PERISTOME: Differentiated rim around the mouth of the last segment [in Nassellarians], usually poreless, often bearing teeth or other structures (Boltovskoy 1998).

PORE FRAME: Raised edge around area enclosing pore (Campbell 1954) PORES: Perforations in the test.

PYLOME: A larger opening on the external shell of some Spumellaria, often extending into a tube or surrounded by larger spines (Boltovskoy 1998).

RADIAL BEAM (Spumellaria): “Internal rods usually connecting concentric lattice shells” (Campbell 1954).

ROSETTE-SHAPED: Usually applicable to pores or chambers with a three or four lobed outline.

SAGITTAL RING: A skeletal ring formed by the median bar at the base, the vertical and apical spines at the front and back, respectively, and an arch joining these two spines at the top. It can be either free or embedded into the skeletal meshwork (Boltovskoy 1998).

SEGMENT: One of the several joints or sections which compose a nassellarian skeleton, separated by the adjoining ones by an internal circular thickening of the shell- wall and/or by an external stricture (Boltovskoy 1998).

SCLERACOMA: “Collective name for hard skeletal parts”(Campbell 1954).

SPINES (POLAR) (Spumellaria): “Massive spines on diametrically opposed ends of elongate tests of some Spumellariina” (Pessagno 1976).

SPONGY (Spumellaria): Foamy or loosely organised test construction

STRICTURE(S) (Nassellaria) “Contraction of test of Nassellariina at position of joint between two successive chambers (segments)” (Pessagno 1976).

Figure 5.1 Diagrams associated with description of radiolarian terms 5a girdles Cortical shell gates Medullary shells lateral saggltal Actinomma antarcticum (Scale bar 50pm)

Phorticium clevei (reproduced

with kind permission of D. Boltovsko\

Spongy test construction

Pylome

Span gurus pylomaticus

(Scale bar 50pm)

f

Spongopyle osculosa (Scale bar

50pm) secondary lateral spines (right, left) dorsal spineN apical ^ ' ' ^ v e r t i c a l spine saggital ring axial spine (=axobate) main lateral spines (right, left) Antecephalic chamber Cephalic chamber

Details of inner spicule (reproduced with kind permission of D. Boltovskoy)

Cephalic hor

Cephalis

Botryopyle sp. aff. B.

dictyocephalus (Scale bar)

Thorax

Plectopyramis polypluera

(Scale bar 100pm) Dictyophimus mawsoni (Scale bar 50pm)

THORAX (Nassellaria): “Second chamber (segment) of nassellariinid test; follows cephalis”, (Pessagno 1976).

VERTICAL SPINE: Main unpaired spine projecting from the median bar in the vicinity of the primary lateral spines and the axial spine (Boltovskoy 1998).