Monaco’s relative evolution is not to be compared to France or Italy as the water management system is of national concern and the comparison would not bring additional information on Monaco’s systems. Thus, the evolution will be calculated using the evolution of water use and the evolution of population growth.
The analysis of the national policies reveals a low level of transparency, a high level of participation, a high level of inclusiveness and a medium level of accountability. 113114
The water management policies transparency levels is very low. The related documents indicate a file-based monitoring system, “The sanitary control of the quality of the distributed water is exercised by the Direction of the Action Sanitary. It includes any verification of compliance with laws and regulations relating to the safety of water intended for human consumption”115 including controls of sanitary security. Although, there is no mention of any
communication to the public of the either, water consumption or the security processes of water treatment.
The participation accounts of the policy are very high. Indeed this policy includes all actors listed in the methodology section. The sanitary norms and the analysis of the water are based on European laws and make use of European equipment. As mentioned, the “drinking water sources dependent on the public domain”116, the government has a strong control on water resources. Individual citizens are also impacted by the decree due to regulations affecting each individual water distribution systems. The private sector and the scientific community are also
113 Palace of Monaco. (1892). Decree on the regime of sources of drinking water.
114 Palace of Monaco. (2017). Decree 6.696 relating to the quality and monitoring of drinking water for
distributed human consumption.
115 Palace of Monaco. (2017). Decree 6.696 relating to the quality and monitoring of drinking water for
distributed human consumption. Chapter 2, Section 1, Article 7.
116 Palace of Monaco. (1892). Decree on the regime of sources of drinking water. Article 1.
Indicator Impact Evolution of Water Consumption Evolution of Population Monaco Relative Evolution Water Management + -18,04% +24,82% 0.73
impacted by these regulations as the analysis of the water quality can be delegated to private laboratories accredited by the Direction of Sanitary Action.117
Inclusiveness analysis of the policy reveals a good comprehension of the aimed at indicators and the possible threats. Multiple mentions of environmental reveal that the challenge is apprehended. Although, the main focus of the policy is human security due to the very volatile nature of water and the good source of bacterial development. Consequently, water analysis shall prove that drinking water “do[es] not contain micro-organisms, parasites or any other dangerous substances potential for people's health; compl[ies] with the quality limits for microbiological, physical and chemical parameters.”118 The policy is also including a wide
variety of indicator as it applied to “all the waters which, either as they are or after treatment, are intended for consumption, drinking, cooking, food preparation or other household use or used in food businesses for the manufacture, processing, preservation or the marketing of products or substances intended for human consumption.”119
The level of accountability is medium for the water-related policies. Indeed, while a plethora of mentions to protection and analysis of the water resources constitute the most of both policies, there is no reference to the sustainable management of water stocks. The documents are also listing a high number of concrete norms dedicated to the evaluation of sanitary quality. Yet, there is no reference to water shortage or potential reduction in water usage.
117 Palace of Monaco. (2017). Decree 6.696 relating to the quality and monitoring of drinking water for
distributed human consumption. Chapter 2, Section 1, Article 11.
118 Palace of Monaco. (2017). Decree 6.696 relating to the quality and monitoring of drinking water for
distributed human consumption. Chapter 2, Article 3.
119 Palace of Monaco. (2017). Decree 6.696 relating to the quality and monitoring of drinking water for
distributed human consumption. Chapter 1, Article 1.
Water Management Policies Accountability 0.5 Transparent 0 Inclusiveness 1 Participatory 2
Water Management policies seem to have a positive impact on the level of available water and water consumption. Although, drafting an adequate policy dedicated to the problem should be a priority for the Monegasque state. Besides, better communication and public relation could enhance the policy by providing clearer data that are more public.
Waste Management
Waste Management in an urban setting is an essential component of environmental security. Such administrative schemes must be handled at a local or urban level, as in most cases it is local or regional communities charged with the waste management and not national. Thus, the comparison with other states is not relevant in this case. Besides, waste management mechanics do not stop at a purely organizational perspective but also includes communication and education procedures.120
During the period observed, the overall mass of waste per person decreased by 24.29%, starting at 492 kg per person in 2002, to 371 kg per person in 2015. The reduction of waste is almost constant through the whole period with a substantial peak in 2008 when the mass of waste was reduced by 15.33% compared to the previous year. The communication strategy detailed in the policy has had a positive impact on the population. Education and communication seem to have been affecting the standards of living in a positive way for the principality.
120 Asteria, D. Santoso & Ravita Sari, T. (2018). Local action for waste bank management through an
environmental communication strategy and a collaborative approach for the sustainability of villages.
Competition and Cooperation in Social and Political Sciences. 49 – 55. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Kg of Waste/Person
Kg of Waste/PersonThe evolution of the percentage of recycled waste in the principality has rocketed in 2008. While the percentage of recycled waste was relatively, low, only reaching 2.29% until 2007, it reached 7.57% the next year and 9.92% in 2010. Although the total mass of waste per person has been reducing from 2010 to 2015, the percentage of the recycled waste has also been reducing. The mass of recycled waste per person seems to be reduced faster than the total mass of waste, implying a reduction of recycling mechanics. Further, the evolution of the total mass of recycled waste per person has rocketed by 480% during the period 2002 – 2015.
The analysis of the related policies has revealed a medium level of transparency and participation and a strong level of accountability and inclusiveness. 121122
The levels of transparency of the waste management are not as high as it could be. Indeed, while monitoring of certain type of dangerous waste requires a specific monitoring,
121 Palace of Monaco. (2017). Decree 6.251 on Waste.
122 Palace of Monaco. (2017). Ministerial Order n. 2017-38 regulating the collection and treatment of waste. 0,00% 2,00% 4,00% 6,00% 8,00% 10,00% 12,00% 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015