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85 The 19th century Middenbeemster cemetery had only recently been excavated and its population was still uninvestigated. These facts created an interesting opportunity for research. Therefore, this thesis studied the intracemetery kinship relations and the cemetery structure by analyzing the dental nonmetric traits of a sample of forty-seven individuals from the population.

The first goal was to examine the intertrait correlations and the correlation between the nonmetric traits and sex. It could be noticed that except for the absent significant correlation between ‘Carabelli’s trait’ on UM1 and the ‘absence of the hypocone’ on UM1, and the significant correlation between ‘shoveling’ on UI1 and the ‘D.A.R.’ on LC, no comparable results from the literature were found for the other significant correlations.

This might be due to the fact that the statistics were conducted on a small sample. Therefore, the result of the statistical test should be interpreted cautiously.

This is also the case for the second goal, the trait frequencies. In order to determine whether the trait frequencies from the Middenbeemster sample were normal for a European population, the results were compared with the frequencies indicated for Eurasia by Scott and Turner (1997, 165-234). Although the results from Middenbeemster are mainly in accordance with the Eurasian complex, several traits show deviant percentages. This might either be due to the small sample size or the observer error. Two traits however, the ‘absence of the hypocone’ on UM1 and the ‘y-pattern’ on LM2 have very distinctive percentages. These traits are certainly important for future study which might indicate whether these high percentages are characteristic for the Middenbeemster population or whether their occurrence is due to the limited sample size.

The third goal was to reconstruct family relations within the Middenbeemster sample by the identification of shared traits. Because relatives have greater phenotypic similarities compared to non-related individuals, individuals who express the same traits are more likely to be related. And although the human skeleton might undergo morphological changes due to changes in environmental conditions, no such changes have been detected in human teeth. This makes the use of dental nonmetric traits the best option to identify relatives when genetic research is not possible. The kinship analysis conducted in this study indicated several people who are possibly related. However, despite the indication of possible related individuals, the research of dental nonmetric traits is not able to determine the degree of relatedness. Furthermore, more individuals from the Middenbeemster sample might be related than is suggested in this research.

86 This is caused by the fact that dental nonmemtric traits have complex modes of inheritance. Consequently, not all related individuals share the same traits and therefore some family relations might not have been visible through the dental nonmetric traits. The fourth and final goal was to investigate if the Middenbeemster cemetery was kin structured. Therefore, two approaches have been used. Both the spatial distribution of the different dental nonmetric traits and the spatial distribution of the presumed relatives were visually analyzed using MapInfo maps. It could be noticed that a small minority of the burials was spatially clustered. However, these groupings did not occur in a regular manner and was not applicable for the majority of individuals. The clustering is therefore assumed to be random. Furthermore, no indications of family clustered burials in 19th century Protestant Dutch cemeteries could be found in the literature. Considering both the results of the spatial structure analysis and the information form the literature, the cemetery of Middenbeemster is most likely not kin structured.

In all, this research makes a valuable contribution to the field of dental anthropology. Because no analysis had yet been conducted in the Netherlands, this research is the first step towards an understanding of the nonmetric trait frequencies in a Dutch population. Furthermore, the intracemetery analysis is innovative and shows the possibilities and limitations of using dental nonmetric traits for kinship analysis and cemetery structure analysis. However, future research might add valuable contributions to this study. The investigation of a larger sample might indicated whether the obtained results are characteristic for the Middenbeemster sample or whether they are due to the small sample size. Furthermore, the use of the Middenbeemster parish records can offer a reflection on the methods used in this research and the suitability of each trait to detect family relations.

87

Abstract

The cemetery of Middenbeemster has only recently been excavated in 2011 by Leiden University and Hollandia Archeologen and its population was still uninvestigated. These facts created an interesting opportunity for research. The goal of this thesis is to identify relatives within the skeletal series of the Middenbeemster cemetery and to investigate whether those relatives were buried in a spatial pattern. This was done by investigating the absence or presence of family burial clusters. Due to the heritable character of the dental nonmetric traits it was possible to indicate several individuals who are likely to be related. However, despite the indication of possible related individuals, the research of dental nonmetric traits is not able to determine the degree of relatedness. The results of the spatial distribution indicated that the cemetery is probably not kin structured. Future research might be able to us the Middenbeemster parish records as a reflection on the methods used in this research and the suitability of each dental nonmetric trait for the reconstruction of kinship.

88

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