ESTRUCTURA GENERAL DEL ALGORITMO DE DETECCIÓN DE APNEAS

Near Fault Observatories Geomagnetic Observations

Anthromopogenic Hazards

Multi-scale laboratories GETB for Low Carbon Energy

Seismology Volcano Observations GNSS Data & Products Geological Information

and Modeling

· OneGeology Europe

· SHARE, SAFER, REAKT

· GEM, ICDP, IODP

· VERCE

· NERIES, NERA

· MEDSUCV, FUTUREVOLC, MARSITE · ORFEUS, EMSC, EUREF, EuroGeoSurvey,

INTERMAGNET

GEOHAZARDS Surveillance Safety GEORESOURCES SCIENCE Monit oring M odelling Understanding Explor ation Explor ation

the collections of exploration data (oil and gas, minerals), the underground laboratory facilities and the geochemical laboratories. On-going work is conducted to ensure the required coordination and integration. The Network on

the Industrial Handling of Raw Materials for European Industries (ERA-min)11 _{aims at coordinating research and}

development in Europe in the field of mineral prospecting, coordinating and integrating national infrastructures, data management and technical development to support the joint European research efforts with the aim to contribute to European mineral security. For example, Europe uses something like 20% of the world’s primary metal supply, but produces far less than this. Figures from e.g. 3% to 8% production can be found in various reports. There has recently been considerable focus on “critical metals” i.e. metals which are used in relatively small quantities but which are vital to the function of much modern technology. The production of some such metals is dominated by one or a few counties, which implies an uncomfortable dependence on this or these countries who can in principle steer both future prices and availability. Further on-going RI projects (see Figure 5):

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IA on seismological infrastructures, data and products: NERIES, NERA

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Supersites EC projects in GEO: MEDSUV and FUTUREVOLC (Volcano observatories), MARSITE (Near Fault Observatories)

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International Organization involved in implementing RIs: ORFEUS (seismological data), EMSC (seismological

products), EUREF (GNSS data), EuroGeoSurveys (geological data), INTERMAGNET (geomagnetic data)

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Geological Projects: OneGeologyEurope

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Research projects on seismic hazard and early warning now integrated in EPOS: SHARE, SAFER, REAKT

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Global Initiatives: GEM, ICDP, IODP

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e-science Virtual Environment Projects: VERCE

Figure 5: landscape of solid Earth science platforms for the geosphere domain.

LANDSCAPE ANALYSIS

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Environment

Gaps, challenges and future needs

The interactions and collaborations between industrial stakeholders and the public sector (such as the European geological surveys) needs to be strengthened. This also involves the accountability of data and data providers as well as the adoption of effective interaction strategies in which the role of scientists is clear. This is mandatory to face ethic issues in communicating science and geo-hazards to society. New RIs and data are urgent in the fields of geo-resources and mining, in order to achieve meaningful targets of energy and mineral security in Europe. The involvement of laboratories (rock deformation labs, deep underground labs), geophysical exploration data, technologies for environmentally friendly mining, analytical facilities for geochemistry and mineral resources, and modelling facilities are the key ingredients. There is also a need for RIs to enable member states to fulfil the requirements for Scientific research and technological development for safe management of high and medium grade nuclear waste in accordance with international and European legislation (e.g. Directive on the Management of

Radioactive Waste and Spent Fuel, 201112_{). Ocean and continental drilling equipment and programmes need to be}

intensified, this to increase geographical coverage in critical areas; this requires to collect observations on the solid Earth from oceanic regions, including dense ocean-bottom geophysical and seismic monitoring and floating devices. The EPOS initiative will be completed and it could serve as a European platform for fostering integration and coordination of all observing and surveillance systems and their services at European scale and for increasing global coordination in solid-Earth observing systems, in cooperation with IASPEI, FDSN, IAVCEI, WOVO, GEO and other international programs and organizations.

BIG DATA ISSUES

The environmental sciences at system-level involve Big Data. Many different kinds of environmental data, coming often in small datasets, are gathered at high rate. While ESFRI environmental infrastructures are differently focused, they share common challenges such as data capture from distributed sensors, management of high volume data, data visualization and web-casting of data in near real time. These issues can converge to a common strategy and solutions. This is true also for the commercial use of data, intellectual property rights and ethical considerations which are particularly relevant for environmental RIs that are those providing data and service provisions to monitor the planet Earth and its environment.

Metadata quality and standardisation, interoperability of data, data archival and access to data are still hindered by barriers. The e-IRG is developing strategies for tackling these issues also to the benefit of environmental RIs. Cooperation

between ENV RIs and international initiatives as the Research Data Alliance (RDA), the Belmont Forum13 _{(BF) and the}

Group of Earth Observation (GEO) are also on-going about the current global landscape data infrastructures and of e-Infrastructures for environmental data management and exploitation.

Therefore it is expected that the benefits from integration of existing and new RIs will include harmonized data through common quality assurance and quality control; data dissemination with common standards and protocols, resulting in data interoperability across RIs.

Despite the fact that Europe is one of the most monitored continents, there is however an urgent need to develop a more advanced approach to environmental observation that integrates across diverse science domains, across temporal and spatial scales, across data and analysis performed by researchers, industry and government as well as across space-based observations and in-situ measurements.

12_{http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32011L0070&qid=1397211079180)}

13 _{A Place to Stand: e-Infrastructures and Data Management for Global Change Research, Belmont Forum e-Infrastructures & Data Management} Community Strategy and Implementation Plan, 30 June 2015, http://www.bfe-inf.org/documents

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A key driver for the future development of ESFRI environmental RIs will therefore be a federated approach to IT resources and greater integration and interoperability. This is a priority for all the Environmental RIs. The value of such an approach has been exemplified in a number of intergovernmental global approaches to environmental

data, including for example earth observation (e.g. GEOSS) and meteorology (e.g. WMO14_{). Such approaches are}

not intended to replace existing observing systems or RIs but to provide a governing framework to enable better coordination between existing and new RIs in order to maximise both science understanding and innovation.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT

The assessment of socio-economic impact for large distributed RIs, as in the case of ENV RIs, lacks well-established models. Specific aspects which should be considered for ENV RIs relate to the involvement/cooperation with the

private sector and the societal impact15_.

Although ENV RIs very often act as incubators of original technologies stimulating innovation for both the infrastructures themselves and the supplier, their economic impact in terms of technological advance for marketing and commercialisation, is not comparable with that of other scientific domains (i.e. high-energy physics, life and health sciences). On the contrary, ENV RIs play a key role in terms of science progress and services for society. Interactions with industry and SMEs in the construction and usage of RIs can enhance the competitiveness of the involved actors and of the region hosting the research facilities. However, for largely distributed ENV RIs, the achievement of these targets requires time and can be effectively evaluated only at the pre-operational stage of the implementation phase. Due to the pan-European dimension of ENV RIs, interactions between public national RIs and the private sector occurs easily at regional and local level. Consequently the cooperation with the private sector must deal with national and/or local interests. Therefore, for distributed RIs, developing a shared strategy at European level is difficult and it involves harmonization with national strategies. The societal impact of ENV RIs also involves capacity building and transfer of knowledge to different stakeholders. The exchange of best practices in stimulating the use of RIs by the private sector (e.g. as experimental test facilities, innovation hubs, knowledge-based centres), developed at local/regional level, must be addressed through a cooperative framework between ENV RIs and industry in which the regional and the pan-European interests are harmonized. For ENV RIs this includes training, knowledge transfer to society in addition to technology transfer to the industry and the market. The socio-economic impact of this knowledge transfer is not less important since it will directly contribute in educating and preparing people to environmental hazards by increasing the resilience of society to natural and anthropogenic hazards.

14_{World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) http://www.wmo.int/}

15 _{EPOS Project Development Board: Cooperation with private sector: challenges for environmental research infrastructures.} August 2015 http://www.epos-eu.org/

.

LANDSCAPE ANALYSIS

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Environment

VISION AND PERSPECTIVES

The medium to long-term vision (2020-2040) for environmental Research Infrastructures is based on the objective to better facilitate and enable researchers to work in a more integrated manner towards universal understanding of our planet and its behaviour, and to develop mitigation strategies against global warming. It is important to study not just individual domains of our planet, but to observe as many of those domains synergistically – at the same time and at

the same place. This should result in the evolution of a seamless holistic understanding of the Earth’s system16_{. Three}

interdependent resources, that of technological capital, cultural capital and human capital are needed to develop and achieve that vision: technological resources which entails the building of monitoring/observational, computational and storage platforms and networks; cultural resources entailing open access to data – requiring rules, licenses and citation agreements on metadata and data; and human capital requiring “data scientists” as well as “discipline scientists”.

A long-term vision is to have an integrated observing system at European level

The most important challenge for the long-term sustainability of ENV RIs’ is to create a framework to integrate monitoring facilities and focussed RI in the main ENV domains, i.e. atmosphere, marine, biosphere, and solid-Earth. The vision for ENV RIs is therefore to identify a governance framework in each different domain that will enable coordinated developments across different structures, identification of R&D questions and prioritisation of future RI investments.

A federated approach should help to reduce overlaps, to maximize synergies and benefits, and to coordinate between Research Infrastructures in order to optimize observing systems ranging from in situ and remote sensing data measurement and collection, to data analysis in the laboratory. First actions towards this direction are currently starting within the Environmental Research Infrastructures Providing Shared Solutions for Science and Society (ENVRIplus) project, the cluster of ENV RIs, built around ESFRI roadmap and associated leading e-infrastructures and Integrating Activities, and RIs from other domains as Health &Food for fostering cross-disciplinarity.

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Some areas of European RIs of the Environment are currently missing. These gaps need to be covered:

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Sustainability and integration of long-term data, covering the whole EU (from the deep sea to the upper atmosphere)

is a basic requirement. Several regions are under-sampled.

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In all fields there is a severe scarcity in basic data (taxonomy, climate parameters, etc.)

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A sustainable platform for climate modelling research is needed

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Data needs to be freely accessible.

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There are explicit needs for developing electronic infrastructures.

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A multidisciplinary approach is essential in order to fully understand environmental processes.

•

There is a demand to integrate on-going public agency monitoring programmes with data collected for research

purposes.

LANDSCAPE ANALYSIS

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In document Análisis y desarrollo de métodos para la detección de apneas en electrocardiograma (página 51-56)