mokykloj.
Violeta 5 _____________________ E Ar jis šiandien dirba?
Gintaras Taip, ponia Violeta, dabar vienas.
Prašom skambinti
vakare.
Violeta Gerai, Gintarai. Viso
gero.
Gintaras Viso gero.
dabar now gal maybe CD1, TR 19
3 Listen to Jonas and Milda’s dialogue and indicate which statements are true and which are false
Statement True False
1 Jonas jau yra senelis.
2 Jonas turi anūkę.
3 Tomas turi žmoną.
4 Rita turi kūdikį.
5 Kūdikis jau turi vardą.
6 Rita gyvena Vilniuje.
QV
Language points
-i type verbs
When we speak about family we need to know the verb turėti (to have).
It is -i type verb. -i is the typical ending of the present tense 3rd person -i type verb: turėti , turi (present tense, 3rd person), turėjo .
-i type verbs have the following endings in the present tense:
aš (I) -iu mes (we) -ime
tu (you) -i jūs (you) -ite
jis (he), ji (she) -i jie (they, masc.),
(jos (they, fem.)
aš (I) tu riu mes (we) tur ime
tu (you) tur i jūs (you) tur ite
jis (he), ji (she) tur i jie (they, masc.),
jos (they, fem.)
We shorten the endings in plural forms when we speak: mes turim ( turime ), jūs turit ( turite ).
Talking about family
A Lithuanian verb is either transitive or intransitive. Transitive verbs describe actions directed towards a particular object. To say that you have a brother, a sister or a grandmother you need to use the accusative case. Th ere is a large group of verbs in Lithuanian language that need the accusative case in the following noun. Th e verb turėti ( to have ) is one of them: Aš turiu brolį ( I have a brother ), Ji turi seserį ( She has a sister ).
However, if the verb is in the negative, then the genitive case is required:
Jis neturi brolio ( He hasn’t a brother ), Ji nemyli Jono ( She doesn’t love John ).
Every new verb that is presented in the vocabulary will show its three main forms and the question word of the case it governs. If the verb is
followed by the accusative you will fi nd the question word ką? , by the genitive it will be ko? Please note, however, that there are verbs followed by other cases as well.
Plural of nouns
To use nouns in plural we change the endings as follows:
Masculine
Sing. nom. (kas?) -as -is -ys -us -ius -uo
Pl. nom. (kas?) - ai -iai -iai -ūs -iai -enys
Sing. nom. (kas?) vaikas brolis narys sūnus profesorius asmuo Pl. nom. (kas?) vaik ai brol iai nar iai sūn ūs profesor iai asm enys
Feminine
Sing. nom. (kas?) -a -ė -is -uo, -ė
Pl. nom. (kas?) -os -ės -ys -erys
Sing. nom. (kas?) teta pusseserė moteris sesuo, duktė
Pl. nom. (kas?) tet os pusseser ės moter ys ses erys , dukt erys
Th ere is only one feminine noun ending with -uo : sesuo ( sister ). Duktė is the only feminine noun ending in -ė , kind of company for the noun sesuo ! Sesuo and duktė change their endings in both the singular and plural with the addition of -er- .
How to say that you have more than one brother, sister etc.
To characterize families we need to use numbers: du broliai , dvi seserys , devynios pusseserės ( two brothers , two sisters , nine cousins ), etc.
Cardinal numbers are masculine and feminine. We match masculine cardinal numbers with masculine nouns: vienas brolis , du seneliai , keturi pusbroliai ( one brother , two grandfathers , four cousins ). We match feminine cardinal numbers with feminine nouns: viena sesuo , dvi senelės , keturios pusseserės ( one sister , two grandmothers , four cousins ):
Cardinal numbers Masculine
vienas du trys 4–9
-i
ketur i , penk i , šeš i , septyn i , aštuon i , devyn i Feminine
viena dvi trys 4–9 -ios
ketur ios , penk ios , šeš ios , septyn ios , aštuon ios , devyn ios It is important to remember that nouns such as dėdė ( uncle ) and žmogus ( person ) are masculine . Although the noun dėdė has a typical feminine noun ending -ė and plural nominative ending of both these nouns is -ės (typical of feminine nouns) dėdės ( uncles ), žmonės ( people ), as masculine nouns they must be matched with masculine numbers: penki dėdės , keturi žmonės ( fi ve uncles , four people ).
How many in your family?
To ask how many brothers, sisters, cousins etc. someone has, we use the question word kiek ( how many? ). Kiek is followed by the genitive case plural: Kiek brolių tu turi? ( How many brothers do you have? ); Kiek seserų tu turi? ( How many sisters do you have? ).
Masculine
Sing. nom. (kas?) -as -is -ys -us -ius -uo Pl. nom. (kas?) -ai -iai -iai -ūs -iai -enys
Pl. gen. (ko?) -ų -ių -ių -ų -ių -enų
Sing. nom. (kas?) vaikas brolis narys sūnus profesorius asmuo Pl. nom. (kas?) vaikai broliai nariai sūnūs profesoriai asmenys Pl. gen. (ko?) vaik ų brol ių nar ių sūn ų profesor ių asmen ų
Feminine
Sing. nom. (kas?) -a -ė -is -uo, -ė
Pl. nom. (kas?) -os -ės -ys -erys
Pl. gen. (ko?) -ų -ių -ų -erų
Sing. nom. (kas?) teta pusseserė moteris sesuo, duktė
Sing. acc. (kas?) tetos pusseserės moterys seserys, dukterys
Pl. gen. (ko?) tet ų pusseser ių moter ų ses erų , dukt erų
How to answer the question about the number of family members?
To say that you have two, three or four children, brothers, sisters or cousins, you need to use the forms of the verb turėti plus the accusative case of both masculine or feminine cardinal numbers and plural masculine or feminine nouns: Aš turiu du sūnus, o mano brolis turi dvi dukteris. ( I have two sons and my brother has two daughters .)
Masculine
Sing. nom. (kas?) -as -is -ys -us -ius -uo Pl. nom. (kas?) -ai -iai -iai -ūs -iai -enys
Pl. acc. (ką?) -us -ius -ius -us -ius -enis
Sing. nom. (kas?) vaikas brolis narys sūnus profesorius asmuo Pl. nom. (kas?) vaikai broliai nariai sūnūs profesoriai asmenys Pl. acc. (ką?) vaik us brol ius nar ius sūn us profesor ius asm enis
Feminine
Sing. nom. (kas?) -a -ė -is -uo, -ė
Pl. nom. (kas?) -a -ės -ys -erys
Pl. acc. (ką?) -as -es -is -eris
Sing. nom. (kas?) teta pusseserė moteris sesuo, duktė
Sing. acc. (kas?) tetos pusseserės moterys seserys, dukterys
Pl. acc. (ką?) tet as pusseser es moter is ses eris , dukt eris
Masculine cardinal numbers
Nom. Acc.
vienas vieną
du du
trys tris
4–9 4–9
-i -is
keturi – devyni ketur is – devyn is Feminine cardinal numbers
Nom. Acc.
viena vieną
dvi dvi
trys tris
4–9 4–9
-ios -ias
keturios – devynios ketur ias – devyn ias Genitive of nouns and personal pronouns
To say that something belongs to someone we, once again, use special endings. In English, we use the ‘apostrophe s’ or ‘s + apostrophe’, or we use the preposition ‘of ’, or sometimes we just put the word doing the belonging in front of the word that is ‘belonged’. Here are some examples of showing belonging in English: father’s name (the name belonging to father; the name of father); friend’s address (the address belonging to a/the friend; the address of a/the friend); family members (the members belonging to a/the family; the members of a/the family).
To show belonging in Lithuanian, nominative endings are changed into genitive endings: tėvo vardas ( father’s name ), šeimos nariai ( family members ), draugo adresas ( friend’s address ), mokyklos pavadinimas ( school name ), sūnų vardai ( sons’ names ), studentų bendrabutis ( students’ dormitory ), šeimų nariai ( members of the families ).
To say that something or somebody belongs to me and to you (singular or informal you ) we use possessive pronouns mano and tavo : Čia yra
mano brolis. ( Here is my brother. ); Ar čia yra tavo duktė? ( Is this your daughter? ).
We use genitive of personal pronouns to say that something or someone belongs to him , her , us , you , them : jo vardas ( his name ), jų namas ( their house ), mūsų šeima ( our family ) etc.:
jis (he) ji (she) mes (we) jūs (you) jie, jos (they)
jo (his) jos (her) mūsų (our) jūsų (your) jų (their) Čia yra mano sūnus. Here is my son.
Jo vardas Vytautas. His name is Vytautas.
Čia yra mūsų sūnūs. Jų vardai Saulius ir Paulius.
Here are our sons. Their names are Saulius and Paulius.
Th e possessor always goes fi rst in the sentence: Jono žmona ( John’s wife ), mamos vardas ( mother’s name ), jo šeima ( his family ), jų vaikai ( their children ), studentų bendrabutis ( students’ dormitory ).
To ask to whom somebody or something belongs we use the question word kieno? : Kieno vardas Rūta? ( Whose name is Rūta? ), Kieno yra šis namas? ( Whose is this house? ).
Genitive of name
Gedimin o gatvė, geležinkel io stotis, Vilni aus universitetas, Nyderland ų ambasada, Muzik os akademija etc. ( Gediminas Street , railway station , Vilnius University , Embassy of the Netherlands , Academy of Music etc.).
Th ese are the names of streets and places in the city of Vilnius.
To form such names, the genitive is used: Gediminas Gedimino , geležinkelis geležinkelio , Vilnius Vilniaus , Nyderlandai Nyderlandų , Muzika Muzikos . It is called the genitive of name.
Th e abbreviation used for the word gatvė ( street ) writing the names of streets is g. : Universiteto g. For the word aikštė ( square ) – a. : Nepriklausomybės a.
How to use the genitive of name in a sentence
In a sentence, we do not change the genitive of name. To say that we live in Gediminas Street or we go to Gediminas Street we use locative and accusative of gatvė : Čia yra Gedimin o gatvė ( It is Gediminas Street ), Aš gyvenu Gedimin o gatvėje ( I live in Gediminas Street ), Aš einu į Gedimin o gatvę ( I go to Gediminas Street ).
Saying that somebody or something is not here
To say that somebody is not at home, not at work, not in the city etc., we use the verb nėra + genitive of noun or personal pronoun: Viktoro ir Marijos nėra namie. ( Viktor and Maria are not at home. ), Jo dabar nėra. ( He is not here at the moment. ), Mieste nėra aikštės. ( Th ere is no square in the city. )
Saying that you like to do something
To say that you like to play, to watch TV, to go somewhere, we use the verb mėgti , mėgsta , mėg o ( to like ) and infi nitive of the verb: mėgstu + žaisti , žiūrėti , būti (inf.) etc.
Aš mėgstu būti namie. I like to be at home.
Vaikai mėgsta žaisti. Children like to play.
To ask what someone likes to do , we start our question with question word ką? : Aš mėgstu žiūrėti televizorių. Ką tu mėgsti? ( I like to watch TV. What do you like? )
Occupations
Nouns with -ininkas ( darbininkas – worker ), -orius ( direktorius ), -ėjas ( kirpėjas – hairdresser ), -tojas ( mokytojas – teacher ) mean occupations.
It is easy to make the feminine forms:
darb-ininkas + ininkė darb ininkė direkt-orius + orė direkt orė kirp-ėjas + ėja kirp ėja moky-tojas + toja mokyt oja
Insight
When she gets married, a woman takes the husband’s surname with specifi c suffi x -ienė : Gulbin ienė , Baltak ienė , Karal ienė . Sometimes a married woman wants to keep her maiden name ( Statk utė , Rašč iūtė , Jušk aitė , Brašk ytė ) or she might add her husband’s surname to her maiden name, forming a double-barrelled family name: Statkutė-Gulbinienė , Juškaitė-Baltakienė . Women artists oft en retain their maiden surnames.
Some women now prefer to have a surname that gives no information about their marital status. Th ey prefer to have one type of surname ending with -ė whether married or not:
Gulbinė , Juškė .
An older, unmarried woman is not addressed as panelė ( miss ), instead, we use the word ponia ( missis ).
In Lithuania, especially in the villages, parents, children and grandparents oft en live together and take care of each other.
In many families, grandchildren address their grandparents with jūs . In some families, children address their parents jūs .
Th e Lithuanian verb mylėti ( to love ) is used to say that we love people and animals but not coff ee, chocolate or riding a bicycle etc.
We say: Aš myliu tave. ( I love you .) and Aš labai mėgstu kavą ( I love coff ee ).
Insight
1 Th e genitive case is the most widely used case of the Lithuanian language – it is used in so many situations: to say that we are from ( iš ), to say that something is situated near ( prie ), to ask how many, to show belonging, to say the name of the street or object in the city, to say that something or somebody is not here.
You will learn more situations where the genitive is used later on. It is worth to learning the genitive ending!
2 All Lithuanian verbs which end in -i in the second main form –