Estudio de factibilidad

Even the most conservative autonomy scenarios could make valuable use of visual geological segmentation. Their best role in the process of Table 4.1 will depend on the mission archi- tecture, instrument suite, scientific goals, and exploration strategy. They might best be imple- mented where they can reduce data volumes, improve the value of the data returned, or save time by reducing the number of ground-in-the-loop cycles needed to achieve a particular task, or more broadly, to achieve the mission goals. This could also imply a division in time - the system might be used in certain environments, during certain phases of the mission, or during certain kinds of traverses - for example long traverses over mostly familiar terrain, or survey operations aiming to map out the extent and position of materials of interest. Regardless of the specific application, a reliable strategy for autonomous geologic segmentations in images is a powerful and flexible tool for autonomous rover geology.

4.6

Conclusion

Computer vision techniques are progressing with respect to interpretation of natural scenes, and a tool has recently been developed which is capable of segmenting images of geological scenes such as rock outcrops. The system is able to be trained to recognize a variety of types of geological materials, and could be adapted to a variety of tasks. It could also be repeated at finer scales as a rover approaches a target, fitting into the exploration process at many stages. Such visual mapping is a prerequisite to many tasks in geology and surface exploration, and a variety of scenarios exist where a flight implementation of such a tool could improve the efficiency in data and time, as well as the quality of scientific data returned, of robotic exploration missions. These techniques can be implemented strategically to best make use of the capabilities of the robotic system and its operators on Earth, and to mirror in their execution the practice of terrestrial field geology, adapted to the planetary setting.

Acknowledgments

Funding for this research was provided by the Canadian Astrobiology Training Program and the NSERC/CSA/MDA* Industrial Research Chair to G.R. Osinski. A portion of this research was performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology, under a contract with NASA. The authors would like to thank JPL’s Visiting Student Researcher Program and its Machine Learning & Instrument Autonomy research group for enabling and supporting the collaboration. Copyright 2014. All Rights Reserved.

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Observations of Wind Direction by

Automated Analysis of Images from Mars

and the MSL rover

Published as R. Francis, J. Moores, K. McIsaac, D. Choi, and G. R. Osinski, in Acta Astronautica vol. 94, iss. 2, February 2014, pages 776 – 783

5.1

Introduction

5.1.1

Context

The first decade of the twenty-first century has seen an unprecedented flourishing in the robotic exploration of the solar system. At present, spacecraft missions are underway to the Earth’s moon, all but the outermost planets, and several minor bodies across all regions of the system. The missions have produced tremendous amounts of data from the instruments they carry, allowing new discoveries that have greatly affected our understanding of the Earth’s neighbor- hood. This large data volume presents challenges for mission scientists and engineers; how- ever, as radio links over interplanetary distances limit the rate at which the data can be returned to Earth. In fact, the bottleneck of the communications system is a key driver for the entire mission architecture used in planetary missions, from the selection of instruments and design of spacecraft subsystems to the scheduling of observations and the choice of landing sites and targets of investigation.

Even after the data is delivered to Earth, significant challenges remain in making the best use of it. A single mission can gather data for many years, and several missions to the same or similar target bodies can produce great volumes of data that are difficult to analyze as a whole. Significant human effort and time is needed, ans not always available, to thoroughly investigate incoming data, and new discoveries are often found by reviewing old data and comparing it with newer acquisitions.

New data processing techniques can present a way of addressing both problems — data reduction aboard the spacecraft and interpretation on Earth. For data from imaging systems, this can take the form of autonomous image-processing techniques, which allow computer systems to autonomously identify features of interest in images.

5.1.2

Present work

The present work aims to develop automated image-processing techniques for atmospheric studies. In particular, the aim is to develop a system allowing the automated extraction of wind information from imagery of clouds taken by surface-based instruments. The efforts described in this paper present a technique for such analysis to be performed on data already returned to Earth. This allows faster and more accurate determination of winds at the cloud level than by manual inspection, and can provide a way of obtaining wind information when no dedicated anemometry sensor is available.

5.1.3

Contents

Following this introductory section, the motivation for this work, in support of planetary at- mospheric science and autonomous computer vision, is described in section 5.2. Section 5.3