Estudios sobre el chino

The Baltic Sea is one of the largest bodies of brackish (part saline) water in the world. It is rela- tively shallow and almost completely enclosed. Only 3% of the water (by volume) is exchanged each year, implying that it will take more than 30 years for replacement of the total volume. Rivers drain a land area four times larger than the sea itself with a population of nearly 90 million.

Pollution by nutrients (predominantly ni- trates and phosphates) cannot easily be absorbed but has rapid and visible impacts. The increasing algal blooms, covering more of the sea each summer, are the result. These algae consume oxygen at the expense of fish and other forms of life and result in dead sea bottoms. The problem is increasing.

One of the major causes of eutrophication comes from excessive nutrient inputs of nitrogen

and phosphatic fertilizers from specialized farming practices where crop and animal pro- duction are separated, and there are linear flows of plant nutrients.

Addressing the problem in broad terms re- lated to agriculture the challenges are twofold: (i) reducing the intensive, specialized agriculture in the north and west; and (ii) presenting realis- tic alternatives to the intensive, specialized agri- culture for the development in the east and west of this region.

The BERAS example as a food system has been developed through two transnational pro- jects part-financed by the EU and Norway ‘Baltic Sea Region Programme’, BERAS (2003–2006) and BERAS Implementation (2010–2013). These make up the common efforts by the part- nership from 11 countries in the Baltic Sea region: Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Poland, Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Finland, Russia and Norway (Fig. 6.1). It includes na- tional and local authorities, universities and research institutes, advisory services, ecological and environmental NGOs, farmers organizations, food chain actors and finance institutions – altogether 24 project partners and 35 associ- ated organizations working with the BERAS Implementation team (Fig.  6.2). It is based on an interdisciplinary research, extension and implementation approach including key actors from society.

As an important starting point we ac- knowledged that organic agriculture (OA) and advice existed, but that it was too narrow in its approach and did not take a systems view. Moreover, to some extent it was recognized that the practical implementation side of OA did not exploit the full potential of its basic principles. The contribution to the challenge from BERAS was to develop specific advice for effective recycling of nutrients at farm level and at the same time to take a systems ap- proach connecting the whole value chain, pol- icy makers and research. To some extent we entered the path of bringing back the original good ideas forming the basis for the organic movement (Figeczky, 2018).

The main objectives for the BERAS projects were:

•

to present a realistic, fully integrated eco- logical alternative for a systemic shift in the

whole food chain from farmers to con- sumers; and thereby

•

to revitalize agricultural and rural develop- ment sectors in an economically, socially, culturally and environmentally sustainable manner.

As Dr Artur Gransted remarked:

When we at the Swedish Biodynamic Institute initiated these two BERAS projects we were quite unique in taking a holistic view of the problems of Baltic Sea eutrophication in relation to farming and food systems. The visionary Norway

Denmark

Germany Denmark

Sweden

Finland _FederationRussian

Estonia Latvia Lithuania Belarus Poland Germany Oslo _Stockholm Helsinki Tallinn Riga Vilnius Minsk Copenhagen Berlin EU Member States non-EU States EU Member States non-EU States Warsaw Moscow The B altic Se a The B altic Se a

combination of research and practical good examples is essential for the transition to sustainable food production.

(Granstedt, pers. comm., 2018)

BERAS 2003–2006 (lead partner: Swedish University of Agricultural Science)

Results from the BERAS project 2003–2006 showed that an ecological intensification approach has the following potential:

•

to reduce nitrogen runoff to the Baltic Sea by 47% (Granstedt et al., 2008); and

•

to increase soil carbon sequestration by 0.4 t

C/ha/year (from on-farm research, 1991– 2007; Granstedt and Kjellenberg, 2008). A number of BERAS scientific reports are avail- able online (listed in the Bibliography and Refer- ences section).

BERAS 2010–2013 (lead partner: Södertörns University, Sweden)

The BERAS project 2010–2013 focused on concept development and implementation

where research, innovation and entrepreneur- ship flowed from multi-sectoral engagement into realistic fully integrated ecological alter- natives for the whole food chain from farmer to consumer, both at the level of individuals and at the collective societal level. The three main concepts (derived from systems thinking as shown in Chapter 5, this volume) are as follows:

•

ecological recycling/regenerative agriculture (ERA);

•

Diet for a Green Planet (DGP); and

•

local Sustainable Food Societies (SFS).

ERA is based on the ecological principles of renewable local resources, recycling and bio- diversity which see the farm as part of the eco- system working with natural cycles, organic crop production and animal husbandry. The number of animals is balanced with the farm’s own fodder available on the farm. Combined with the cultivation of legumes and grasses as part of the crop rotation, the farms can reach a high degree of self-sufficiency in fodder and fertilizer.

The consumer engagement concept ‘Diet for a Green Planet’ offers a sustainable lifestyle with consumption of enough and good food Fig. 6.2. BERAS Implementation team at a conference in Järna, Södertälje, Sweden in 2010. (From BERAS.)

without threatening the environment. DGP should be developed based on local/regional conditions such as dietary choices and influ- enced by culture, nutritional knowledge, price of product, availability, taste and convenience. The basic criteria can be summarized as follows:

•

availability of tasty and nutritious food;

•

food produced according to principles of

ERA;

•

local food and according to season;

•

balanced in vegetables and meat/fish (80%

vegetables and 20% meat/fish as a guide- line); and

•

reduction in food waste.

Local SFS and Learning

In document Formas libres y formas ligadas en la teoría morfológica del español y el chino mandarín (página 86-91)