Los estudios sobre paleografía en México

nicoseiga [1/25/14 21:18] until 1 0 (0%) no matter how 1 0 (0%) now that 1 0 (0%) while 1 0 (0%) before 1 0 (0%) even if 1 0 (0%)

41

Table 9b: Use of Conjunctives—Subordinating Conjunctions

Conjunction Instances where word appears at beginning of tweet Instances where conjunction sense used within a session Most common use of word (if not

conjunction) Example (conjunction bolded)

even though 1 1 (100%)

can friday hurry up already [9/23/13 20:50] even though the week just started [9/23/13 20:51] DOES NOT APPEAR IN BEGINNING POSITION: in order (that), although, insofar as, in that, as far as, lest, as if, wherever, as though, whether, provided (that), so that, supposing (that), than, inasmuch as, though, in case (that), till

Table 9c: Use of Conjunctives—Conjunctive Adverbs Conjunction Instances where word appears at beginning of tweet Instances where conjunction sense used within a session Most common use of word (if not

conjunction) Example (conjunction bolded)

still 26 0 (0%) Simple ADV

finally 19 0 (0%) Simple ADV

then 8 5 (62.5%)

everyone always leaves.[1/24/14 18:40] then they wonder why i run..[1/24/14 18:40]

next 7 0 (0%) ADJ

instead 4 1 (25%)

liam should just admit he fucked up and apologize instead of making himself the victim and trying to cover it up, as simple as that [1/19/14 14:44]

instead of having his sister say the things that he should have said [1/19/14 14:44]

also 2 2 (100%)

i can't imagine that talib means that much to the pats. if so then what a joke. the guy is scum bag and karma is a bitch for him #adderall [1/19/14 22:27]

also denver has settled for way too many fg's. better teams will make u pay for that. [1/19/14 22:30]

meanwhile 1 1 (100%) i  can't  sleep  but  i  gotta  take  a  nap…[1/2/14  19:50] meanwhile i'm chillin [1/2/14 19:51]

DOES NOT APPEAR IN BEGINNING POSITION: after all, in addition, incidentally, nonetheless, as a result, indeed, on the contrary, besides, in fact, on the other hand, consequently, in other words, otherwise, for example, likewise, furthermore, therefore, hence, moreover, thus, however, nevertheless

Signals of Continuation. A small set of markers that denote continuation was identified in the corpus. Their frequency across user timelines is presented in Table 10. Several of the hypothesized features were not found in the sample. The features that do appear are text strings that explicitly reference an earlier tweet. Though all observed instances were cases where a session was observed, these signals were relatively rare, occurring only 13 times across the entire dataset. Sessions for one additional timeline for which no technical sessions had been discovered by other means were found. That timeline contained two separate technical sessions, and each of these sessions contained the last tweet/retweet string,  ‘lrt.’

Table 10: Signals of Continuation

Signals

Instances Observed

Instances Used in a

Session Example (signal bolded) Last

Tweet/Retweet

Abbreviations 13 13 (100%)

RT @(USER): The anthem (URL) [1/26/14 0:57]

My theme song my lrt [1/26/14 0:58]

DOES NOT APPEAR: Numbering  tweets  [i.e.  (1/X)],  ‘+’

Anaphora Resolution. Lastly, timelines for which no sessions could be detected by other means were examined for the presence of anaphora. In total, this ‘stubborn  set’ consisted of 19 timelines. Table 11 presents the distribution of potential anaphoric references and the number of instances where these resolved in such a way as to make cohesion between tweets probable. Technical sessions were observed on five additional timelines as a result of the presence of anaphoric references. This constitutes 26.32% of the remaining sessionless accounts. However, the majority of cases where a pronoun

closely followed some noun in separate tweets were not, in fact, actual sessions; only 17.5% of possible instances were technical sessions (based on anaphora). On eight of the sessionless accounts, no possible instances (based on anaphora) were observed.

Table 11: Distribution of Anaphora Analysis Sessionless

Account Possible Sessions * Technical Sessions ** Other Sessions Present? ***

1 8 1 Yes 2 6 0 Yes 3 6 1 Yes 4 5 0 5 4 2 6 3 2 7 3 0 8 2 1 9 1 0 10 1 0 11 1 0 12 0 0 13 0 0 14 0 0 15 0 0 16 0 0 17 0 0 18 0 0 19 0 0 Yes

* All conditions (in terms of time, not all RTs, no replies) met, first tweet of candidate contains a noun, and following tweet(s) has a pronoun preceding any noun instances

** Where anaphora contribute to tweet similarity

*** Where similarity is not the result of anaphora resolution (Detected based on manual examination and assessment)

Anaphora resolution does not reveal all remaining ‘stubborn  set’  sessions, but further manual analysis of these accounts shows that other sessions do still exist. These sessions went undetected based on all computational approaches performed in this study. Table 12 presents additional sessions that were detected through manual analysis from

sessions fell well below the 0.5 threshold; this was particularly the case when unigrams were used as the unit of tokenization. The time between tweets for these sessions ranges from as little as one minute up to approximately three hours.

Table 12: Examples of Undetected Sessions

Session Tweet Date/Time Tweet Cosine Similarity (Unigrams) Cosine Similarity (Character Bigrams) 110 1/24/14 16:52

Starving children commercials always make me sad, but had their parents gone against their religion and used contraception

thered be no kid 0.087 0.399

1/24/14 16:53

I mean, take one pill a day or watch your children die from malnutrition? Is it really even a hard decision?

2

12/24/13 6:06

All I see is retweets of naked

girls. #likeno #stop 0 0.112

12/24/13 6:20

Alright now they are doing it on purpose. @darbibragg

3 1/7/14 4:46

Win or lose, with my brother and dad as my witnesses, I called that

kickoff return. 0 0.227

1/7/14 5:11

RT @TheTweetOfGod: Sorry Auburn. Your miracle quota was filled.

10 _{Though there is an anaphora-like  reference  in  the  second  tweet  connected  to  the  first  (‘your’  to}   ‘their  parents’),  since  it  was  not  in  the  format  considered  for  analysis  (i.e.  pronoun  in  the  

subsequent tweet(s) coming before any noun in that tweet), it was not considered resolved through anaphor use. This is a more conservative approach but more computationally simple to be programmed.

Session Tweet Date/Time Tweet Cosine Similarity (Unigrams) Cosine Similarity (Character Bigrams) 4 1/25/14 21:46 Shout out to

@WAGERFUT14PS3 for being

legit 0.183 0.369

1/26/14 0:50

No one play

@WAGERFUT14PS3 he's a scammer and a sore loser who won't pay up

In several cases, however, sessions simply do not exist. Table 13 presents an example timeline for which no technical sessions were observed after all approaches were attempted. Beyond a lack of topical cohesion as observed by low cosine similarity scores, some of the issues observed on these timelines included too much time between tweets and a lack of originally authored tweets. Additionally, certain timelines primarily

contained links and only a few original tweets. Since URLs were not utilized in this study as a contributor toward the measures of similarity, timelines that were largely link

driven—just as with those that were mostly retweet driven—were unlikely to have sessions.

Table 13: Example Sessionless Timeline

Tweet Date

1

I'll be remembering the fallen at 11 o'clock #2MinuteSilence

#LestWeForget 11/11/12 11:00

2 Why are there no pigeons? - new #blipfoto entry 3/13/13 16:54 3 Fighting against the winter - new #blipfoto entry 3/14/13 20:41

4

RT @keirshiels: Joyously British genuine Golf Rule

Amendments for WW2. Courtesy of @FreddieVonberg HT

@qikipedia 4/5/13 16:44

5 Streatham Hill Train Care - new #blipfoto entry 5/30/13 20:14 6 A car with attitude in SW16 - new #blipfoto entry 6/2/13 22:04

Ultimately, technical sessions, as detected by any of the methods outlined for use in this study, were found on 206 user timelines (93.6%). Only 14 timelines (6.4%) had no technical sessions that could be detected based on the definitions and techniques utilized in this study.