Estudo comparativo a nivel territorial

Chapter 2 discussed the role innovation and land use planning has in promoting sustainable development. In summary, the existing planning arrangements for natural risk reduction is not providing outcomes that adhere to the principles of sustainable development, in that new developments are still putting people and property at risk. Innovation is therefore required within the planning sector to see if being innovative (i.e.

doing things differently), can achieve a reduction in risks greater than what is currently occurring. In order to understand how these two concepts are linked to improve natural hazard management and risk reduction, a discussion must first take place on what innovative land-use planning is. Innovative land-use planning combines features from the definitions of business, technology, social, community, environmental and

sustainable innovations, as well as the planning definition above. Friedmann (2003, p78) stated that:

Innovative planning looks toward creative solutions to the social, physical, and environmental problems that rise to political consciousness in the public domain. Innovative planning is consequently focused rather than comprehensive in scope; present rather than future oriented; and concerned chiefly with institutional and procedural changes appropriate to the case at hand. Innovative planning is concerned more with resource mobilisation than with central allocation. It operates in real rather than imaginary time. And above all, it is entrepreneurial. As such, it is well adapted to a decentered planning system that involves a concentrating of the powers of many different actors. Therefore, innovative planning requires great skills in negotiation, mediation, and the art of

compromise. It is a form of planning that, like entrepreneurship in the private

sector, is prepared to take risks, even while remaining publicly accountable.

While Friedmann discusses innovation and planning, there are three points within his discourse that deserve further discussion. First, it can be argued that innovative planning can and should be comprehensive in scope and future oriented, in order to be sustainable for future generations. For example, structure planning and growth

strategies (which are widely used in New Zealand) are often set with a development plan/vision of 20 year or longer time frames, and are incorporated into regulatory policies and plans. So planning is future oriented, and seeks to make procedural and institutional changes which ultimately aim to improve environmental, social, economic and cultural outcomes. Second, planning is community oriented given the

participatory / consultative nature of contemporary planning, so planning is innovative when it is truly a community effort, engaging a wide range of stakeholders. Thirdly, planning in New Zealand is decentralised to a regional and district level, and as such should adapt well to innovative initiatives.

Land-use planning is linked to social and community innovation through the

interconnected roles played by landowners, developers, and planners in bringing about change within a community through planning processes. Providing a coherent,

integrated, strategic, innovative, flexible and robust policy framework that is inclusive and outcome-focused is difficult, given the variety of interests and competing objectives that occur in the management and use of the land resource. The land-use planning system is therefore required to satisfy a diverse and complex array of different interests (Peel & Lloyd, 2007), of which innovative risk reduction measures is one. It has been noted that the planning policy process is highly incremental in nature, in that policy makers start with the policies they inherit, then look for ways of incrementally improving them (Shaw & Eichbaum, 2008).

In light of the limitations of the definition provided by Friedmann, a more refined

definition of innovative land-use planning is required. From the review and analyses of the business, technology, social, community, environmental and sustainability

innovation literature outlined above, innovative land-use planning can be defined as:

An opportunity to plan for positive social, economic, and environmental outcomes in a new way, based on old and new planning principles within planning theory and practice. It requires a vision, leadership, and belief that extend beyond political cycles; is

comprehensive and integrated with policies and plans from different sectors; and involves the active and meaningful participation of the community. The outcome of innovative land-use planning is hazard-resilient, sustainable communities.

The key elements of the analyses and subsequent definition above are that innovative land-use planning incorporates the community well-beings outlined in the legislation; acknowledges that innovation can be based on both old and new ideas (Moore, 2005); requires leadership and long term vision (Landry, 2005); is integrated (Chapter 4); and requires participation. The definition above is not just limited to planning theory and practice, but can be extended and integrated into other professional practices. For the purpose of this research, these other professions include those of emergency

management and urban design. However, it must be realised that the outcomes and consequences of innovative planning choices made in the present, will not become apparent until sometime in the future. An appropriate risk governance framework is therefore required to ensure that decisions made in the present result in positive environmental outcomes in the future. Within the context of the definition provided for innovative land-use planning, the following section explores the issue of innovation and its role in risk reduction; and the practical realities of implementing innovative risk reduction measures within planning by the state, market and civil society.

4.

Case study findings: hazard awareness and innovation in