Continents surrounding the Arctic Ocean comprise bedrock/soils characterized by different 583
petrographic signatures (e.g., Vogt, 1997; Stein, 2008; Harrison et al., 2008; Bazhenova, 2012; Fagel et 584
al., 2014; Linsen et al., 2014). Consequently, as suggested by Vogt (1997), surface sediments from 585
circum-Arctic source areas may be characterized by very specific K-feldspar/plagioclase (Kfs/Plg) and 586
quartz/(K-feldspar + plagioclase) (Qz/Fsp) ratios. To verify this notion, we compared our bulk 587
mineralogical data with other circum-Arctic regions (Figure 15), notably with surface marine sediments 588
from the Eurasian shelf (Stein, 2008; Bazhenova, 2012), Bering Strait (Linsen et al., 2014), as well as 589
with continental sediments from the northern Yukon Territory, Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula, Cape Bathurst, 590
and Banks Island (Vogt, 1997). Our findings indicate that sediments from the Mackenzie Trough-591
Canadian Beaufort Shelf, Amundsen Gulf, and Banks Island have higher Qz/Fsp (2 to 4) and Kfs/Plg 592
(>0.7) ratios compared to Eurasian sediments (Figure 15). In the study area, quartz and K-feldspar are 593
mainly supplied by the Mackenzie River discharge (which drain large sedimentary platforms) and by 594
26
coastal erosion of the Pleistocene potassium- and carbonate-rich glacial till cropping out on southwestern 595
Banks Island. In contrast, rivers from the Eurasian margin drain large basaltic provinces that can supply 596
high amounts of plagioclase (Stein, 2008). Plagioclase weathers much faster than K-feldspar as silicate 597
weathering preferentially attacks Na- and Ca-rich minerals (White et al., 2001). In glacial environments, 598
this implies that mechanical comminution of plagioclase is more effective than K-feldspar during the 599
initial stages of feldspar weathering (e.g., von Eynatten et al., 2016). As a result, plagioclase is enriched 600
over K-feldspar in the Eurasian shelf sediments compared to the Canadian Beaufort Shelf and Amundsen 601
Gulf, and thus yields sediments with lower Qz/Fsp (0.2-1) and Kfs/Plg (0.2-0.7) ratios (Figure 15). On 602
the other hand, sediment samples from the mud volcanoes province display higher Qz/Fsp (>3) ratios 603
similar to the glacial tills cropping out along the northern Yukon Territory (VH83-014), Tuktoyaktuk 604
Peninsula (VH85-045), and Cape Bathurst (VH85-006), suggesting a common detrital origin for these 605
sediments, which likely originate from the glacial activity of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. These also 606
support our interpretation that the mud volcanoes province are composed of glacial tills that have been 607
remobilized from the subsurface of the Canadian Beaufort Shelf (see section 5.2.4.). Finally, little 608
difference is observed between surface sediments from the Bering Strait and Eurasian sediments (Figure 609
15) because Bering Strait sediments also contain significant amounts of plagioclase that mainly 610
originated from the Anadyr River drainage basin, where volcanic, granitic, and granodiorite rocks crop 611
The spatial variability of continental input, surface currents, and redox conditions within the 615
Mackenzie-Beaufort Sea Slope and Amundsen Gulf was investigated through analyses of the grain size, 616
27
magnetic properties, and the mineralogical and geochemical composition of 34 surface sediment 617
samples. The results of this research yield the following generalizations and conclusions:
618
1. The relative enrichment in redox-sensitive elements (Mn, Fe, V, Cr, Zn) suggests that modern 619
sedimentary deposition within the Mackenzie-Beaufort Sea Slope and Amundsen Gulf took place 620
under oxic bottom-water conditions;
621
2. Strong winds together with recurrent ice-free conditions for much of the year appear to be a 622
plausible scenario for explaining the well-oxygenated water column and, therefore, the high Mn-623
enrichment factors observed in the Amundsen Gulf compared to the Canadian Beaufort Shelf;
624
3. The mineralogical, geochemical, and magnetic signatures of surface sediments allowed the 625
identification of four provinces with distinct sedimentary compositions: (1) the Mackenzie 626
Trough-Canadian Beaufort Shelf, characterized by minerals (phyllosilicates, Fe-oxides, 627
magnetite) and elements (Al-K-Ti-Fe-Cr-V-Zn-P) derived mainly from the Mackenzie River 628
discharges; (2) southwestern Banks Island, characterized by the association of dolomite−K-629
feldspar and Ca-Mg-LOI mainly supplied from coastal cliff erosion of Pleistocene potassium- and 630
carbonate-rich glacial tills as well as clastic sedimentary rocks cropping out on the island; (3) the 631
central Amundsen Gulf, which represents a transitional zone typified by intermediate 632
phyllosilicates−magnetite−K-feldspar−dolomite and Al-K-Ti-Fe-Mn-V-Zn-Sr-Ca-Mg-LOI 633
contents resulting from a detrital mix between the Mackenzie River discharges and coastal 634
erosion of southwestern Banks Island; and (4) the mud volcanoes distinguished by the association 635
quartz-plagioclase-authigenic carbonate and Si-Zr contents, as well as high magnetic 636
susceptibility values resulting from the remobilization of glacial tills deposited in the subsurface 637
of the Canadian Beaufort Shelf.
638
28
4. Our mineralogical data corroborate that K-feldspar/plagioclase and quartz/(K-639
feldspar+plagioclase) ratios (Vogt, 1997), together with detrital carbonate (dolomite), can be 640
successfully used to track changes in terrigenous sediment input from the Canadian Beaufort Sea, 641
Eurasian shelf, and Bering Strait.
642
Taken as a whole, our data provide a baseline for future studies using the mineralogical, 643
geochemical, and magnetic signatures of sediment cores from the Mackenzie-Beaufort Sea Slope and 644
Amundsen Gulf in order to reconstruct and document past variations in continental inputs and sediment 645
dispersal related to climate changes.
646 647 648
Acknowledgements 649
This research is a contribution to the Canadian Arctic Shelf Exchange Study (CASES) program 650
and was funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) through 651
Discovery Grants and FQRNT “Nouveau chercheur” grants to J-C Montero-Serrano, G. St-Onge and A.
652
Rochon, as well as through Ship Time support for several expeditions (J-C Montero-Serrano, G. St-Onge 653
and A. Rochon). We also acknowledge the financial support of the Canadian Foundation for Innovation 654
(CFI) and Canada Economic Development for Quebec Regions (CED) for the acquisitions of the 655
PANalytical X-ray diffractometer (X’Pert Powder) and X-ray fluorescence (Epsilon 3-XL), respectively.
656
We also thank Quentin Beauvais, Marie-Pier St-Onge, Elissa Barris, Julie Velle, and Claude Belzile 657
from UQAR-ISMER for their technical support and advice. Finally, we thank Christine Laurin for 658
reviewing the grammar and Stefanie Brachfeld and an anonymous reviewer for their constructive 659
comments that helped improve the manuscript.
660 661
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