DE APRENDIZAJE Y COMPETENCIAS CLAVE
6.11 EVALUACIÓN DEL ALUMNADO
Migrant WIC participants had similar levels of participation in other programs to non-
migrant participants (Figure VII.2). Overall, 72.6 percent of migrant participants also
participated in TANF, SNAP, or Medicaid, as compared to 74.6 percent of all WIC enrollees
(Table VII.4; see also Table III.1). These findings may underestimate other program
participation, as discussed in Chapter III.
Notes
Nevada and Oregon were unable to provide data on migrant status.
Migrant WIC participants’ reported median annual income was 2.9 percent less than non-
migrant participants ($16,363 and $16,831, respectively), a smaller gap than the 7.2-percent
difference reported in 2010 (Table VII.5). As with the entire WIC population, the median
income of migrant WIC participants increased between 2010 and 2012, from $15,272 to
$16,363.
Although migrant and non-migrant WIC families had similar median incomes, a larger
percent of migrant WIC participants had incomes of less than the Federal poverty level (Table
VII.6). Slightly more than three-quarters (75.8 percent) of migrant participants were living in
poverty, compared to about two-thirds (66.4 percent) of non-migrant participants. Around a
third of both migrant and non-migrant participants had incomes of less than 50 percent of the
poverty level.
Page 159
Table VII.4
Number and Percent of Migrant WIC Participants With Reported Participation
In Other Programs at Certification
Number
% Migrant
WIC
Migrant Participants Reporting Participation in Other Programs,
by Program
TANF
2,729
7.6
SNAP
13,662
38.0
Medicaid
24,814
69.0
Any program other than WIC participation
26,132
72.6
Migrant Participants Reporting Participation in Other Programs,
by Combination of Programs
TANF, SNAP, and Medicaid
2,530
7.0
TANF and SNAP
49
0.1
TANF and Medicaid
121
0.3
SNAP and Medicaid
9,843
27.4
TANF only
29
0.1
SNAP only
1,240
3.4
Medicaid only
12,320
34.2
Do not participate in other programs
8,077
22.5
Not reported
a1,763
4.9
U.S. Migrant WIC
35,972
100.0
Notes
Percents may not add to 100.0% and subtotals may not add to totals due to rounding and to the use of weights in the case of several State agencies that either under- or overreported the number of participants.
Changes in WIC income documentation requirements may have limited information system entries regarding participation in multiple programs.
Nevada and Oregon were unable to provide sufficient data on migrant status.
a "Not reported" indicates the number and percentages of participants with data not reported for one or more programs.
These participants are also excluded from the bar chart. Excluding only those participants for whom data are not reported on a single program changes the migrant percentages slightly: TANF (7.7%); SNAP (38.4%); Medicaid (69.1%).
Page 160
Table VII.5
Mean and Median Annualized Family or Economic Unit Income of WIC Participants by Participant Category and Migrant Status
Pregnant
Women
Breastfeeding
Women
Postpartum
Women
Total Women
Infants
Children
Total WIC
Migrant Farmworkers
3,922
3,501
2,024
9,447
6,629
19,895
35,972
Average (mean) income
$16,198
$16,158
$14,838
$15,900
$15,683
$16,799
$16,363
Median income
$15,156
$15,132
$14,040
$15,000
$14,400
$15,600
$15,180
Percent with income reported
92.9
94.7
90.4
93.0
92.2
94.8
93.8
Percent with income reported as zero
a1.7
0.7
1.1
1.2
2.0
0.7
1.1
Percent with income not reported
b5.4
4.6
8.5
5.8
5.8
4.5
5.1
Non-Migrants
960,561
645,497
634,787
2,240,845
2,189,496
5,044,664
9,475,004
Average (mean) income
$16,170
$17,970
$14,745
$16,306
$15,921
$17,447
$16,831
Median income
$14,400
$16,152
$12,540
$14,400
$14,244
$15,600
$14,976
Percent with income reported
91.6
92.2
87.8
90.7
89.1
91.4
90.7
Percent with income reported as zero
a0.9
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.6
0.4
0.8
Percent with income not reported
b7.5
7.0
11.4
8.5
9.2
8.2
8.5
Migrant Status Not Reported
18,709
16,528
14,536
49,773
43,920
129,799
223,492
Average (mean) income
$16,328
$17,889
$14,898
$16,438
$16,135
$18,105
$17,352
Median income
$14,664
$16,044
$12,900
$14,560
$14,400
$16,056
$15,600
Percent with income reported
97.0
97.1
95.1
96.5
95.6
97.2
96.7
Percent with income reported as zero
a0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Percent with income not reported
b3.0
2.8
4.9
3.5
4.4
2.8
3.3
U.S. WIC
983,192
665,526
651,347
2,300,065
2,240,045
5,194,358
9,734,468
Notes
Percents may not add to 100.0% and subtotals may not add to totals due to rounding and to the use of weights in the case of several State agencies that either under- or overreported the number of participants.
State and local WIC agencies may collect data on weekly, monthly, or annual incomes. For reporting and analysis, annualized incomes have been computed. Also note that income calculations include only those participants for whom State agencies reported data on income, income period, and size of economic unit. In 2012, a State WIC agency could report actual income or could report an income range. Both types of data are included in the calculations of mean and median incomes.
Nevada and Oregon were unable to provide sufficient data on migrant status.
a Zero incomes are reported separately and excluded from these mean and median calculations. In some reporting agencies, zero may be used to indicate missing information or adjunctive eligibility.
PC2012 cannot distinguish between households with missing income information and households reporting zero income.
b “Not reported” indicates the percentage of participants by participant category for whom no data on income, income period, or size of economic unit are reported. They are excluded from mean
Page 161
Table VII.6
Distribution of Income as a Percent of Poverty Level of WIC Participants by Participant Category
And Migrant Status
Percent of Poverty Level
Pregnant Women Breastfeeding Women Postpartum Women Total
Women Infants Children
Total Participants
% Cum. % % Cum. % % Cum. % % Cum. % % Cum. % % Cum. % % Cum. %
Migrant 0– 50 31.5 31.5 33.2 33.2 37.3 37.3 33.3 33.3 35.8 35.8 33.8 33.8 34.0 34.0 51–100 41.9 73.4 43.6 76.8 38.1 75.4 41.7 75.1 38.9 74.7 42.8 76.6 41.8 75.8 101–130 10.4 83.7 10.1 86.8 8.2 83.6 9.8 84.8 9.4 84.1 10.1 86.6 9.9 85.7 131–150 4.1 87.8 3.7 90.5 3.4 87.0 3.8 88.6 3.6 87.6 3.4 90.0 3.5 89.2 151–185 4.0 91.8 3.6 94.1 3.0 90.0 3.7 92.3 3.8 91.5 3.8 93.8 3.8 93.0 186–200 0.3 92.1 0.1 94.2 0.1 90.1 0.2 92.4 0.2 91.7 0.3 94.1 0.2 93.2 201–225 0.5 92.5 0.2 94.4 0.2 90.4 0.3 92.8 0.3 92.0 0.3 94.4 0.3 93.5 226–250 0.2 92.8 0.1 94.5 0.0 90.4 0.1 92.9 0.1 92.0 0.1 94.6 0.1 93.7 More than 250 0.2 92.9 0.1 94.7 0.0 90.4 0.1 93.0 0.2 92.2 0.2 94.8 0.2 93.8 Income reported as zeroa 1.7 94.6 0.7 95.4 1.1 91.5 1.2 94.2 2.0 94.2 0.7 95.5 1.1 94.9
Not reportedb,c 5.4 100.0 4.6 100.0 8.5 100.0 5.8 100.0 5.8 100.0 4.5 100.0 5.1 100.0
Total Migrant WIC 3,922 3,501 2,024 9,447 6,629 19,895 35,972
Non-Migrant 0– 50 32.7 32.7 29.4 29.4 38.8 38.8 33.5 33.5 35.7 35.7 32.2 32.2 33.3 33.3 51–100 32.3 65.0 35.4 64.8 29.0 67.8 32.3 65.8 30.9 66.6 34.4 66.6 33.1 66.4 101–130 12.1 77.2 12.8 77.6 9.6 77.4 11.6 77.4 10.6 77.2 11.7 78.3 11.4 77.8 131–150 5.8 82.9 5.9 83.5 4.3 81.7 5.4 82.8 4.9 82.1 5.4 83.7 5.3 83.1 151–185 7.1 90.0 7.3 90.8 4.9 86.6 6.5 89.3 5.8 87.8 6.3 90.0 6.3 89.4 186–200 0.5 90.6 0.5 91.3 0.4 87.0 0.5 89.8 0.4 88.3 0.4 90.5 0.4 89.8 201–225 0.5 91.0 0.4 91.7 0.3 87.3 0.4 90.2 0.4 88.6 0.4 90.9 0.4 90.2 226–250 0.2 91.3 0.2 91.9 0.2 87.5 0.2 90.4 0.2 88.8 0.2 91.1 0.2 90.4 More than 250 0.3 91.6 0.3 92.2 0.3 87.8 0.3 90.7 0.3 89.1 0.3 91.4 0.3 90.7 Income reported as zeroa 0.9 92.5 0.8 93.0 0.8 88.6 0.8 91.5 1.6 90.8 0.4 91.8 0.8 91.5
Not reportedb,c 7.5 100.0 7.0 100.0 11.4 100.0 8.5 100.0 9.2 100.0 8.2 100.0 8.5 100.0
Page 162
Table VII.6 (continued)
Distribution of Income as a Percent of Poverty Level of WIC Participants by Participant Category and Migrant Status
Percent of Poverty Level
Pregnant Women Breastfeeding Women Postpartum Women Total
Women Infants Children
Total Participants
% Cum. % % Cum. % % Cum. % % Cum. % % Cum. % % Cum. % % Cum. %
Migrant Status Not Reported
0– 50 37.3 37.3 35.3 35.3 42.3 42.3 38.1 38.1 39.3 39.3 33.6 33.6 35.7 35.7 51–100 33.8 71.1 34.2 69.6 31.0 73.3 33.1 71.2 32.6 71.9 37.3 70.9 35.4 71.1 101–130 13.1 84.2 13.5 83.1 11.0 84.3 12.6 83.8 11.8 83.7 13.1 84.0 12.8 83.9 131–150 5.6 89.8 5.9 89.0 4.7 89.0 5.4 89.3 5.0 88.7 5.7 89.7 5.5 89.4 151–185 6.4 96.2 7.0 96.0 5.4 94.4 6.3 95.6 6.0 94.8 6.5 96.1 6.4 95.8 186–200 0.3 96.6 0.4 96.4 0.2 94.6 0.3 95.9 0.3 95.0 0.4 96.5 0.3 96.1 201–225 0.1 96.7 0.4 96.8 0.1 94.8 0.2 96.2 0.3 95.3 0.3 96.8 0.3 96.4 226–250 0.1 96.8 0.1 96.9 0.2 94.9 0.1 96.3 0.1 95.4 0.1 97.0 0.1 96.5 More than 250 0.2 97.0 0.2 97.1 0.2 95.1 0.2 96.5 0.2 95.6 0.2 97.2 0.2 96.7 Income reported as zeroa 0.0 97.0 0.0 97.2 0.0 95.1 0.0 96.5 0.0 95.6 0.0 97.2 0.0 96.7
Not reportedb,c 3.0 100.0 2.8 100.0 4.9 100.0 3.5 100.0 4.4 100.0 2.8 100.0 3.3 100.0
Total Migrant Status Not
Reported for WIC 18,709 16,528 14,536 49,773 43,920 129,799 223,492
Notes
Percents may not add to 100.0% and subtotals may not add to totals due to rounding and to the use of weights in the case of several State agencies that either under- or overreported the number of participants.
Poverty level calculations are based on income, income period, and household size as reported by State WIC agencies. Nevada and Oregon were unable to provide sufficient data on migrant status.
a Zero incomes are reported separately and excluded from these income calculations. In some reporting agencies, zero may be used to indicate missing information or adjunctive eligibility. PC2012
cannot, therefore, distinguish between households with missing income information and households reporting zero income.
b “Not reported” indicates the percentage of participants by participant category for whom no data on income, income period, or size of economic unit are reported. They are excluded from mean
and median calculations.
c Adjunct eligibles are income eligible for WIC due to certification for another means tested program such as SNAP, TANF, or Medicaid. The category "Not reported" indicates that WIC did not obtain
Page 163