Evaluación del comportamiento de las cepas transformantes de A. niger en cultivo sumergido

Domestic Production i Q r;

Domestically produced capital goods*1* can be divided into two categories, ’traditional* capital goods and

’modern’ capital goods. The former category, which has, in general, been omitted from estimates of G-.D.F.C.F. in

1 2

Iran and other countries, has been of greater importance than the latter in the period under study.

’Modern’ capital goods are defined here as capital goods produced or assembled in establishments with more than 10 employees. This definition hinges on the fact that data from various industrial surveys in Iran have been confined to the output of such establishments

The selection of capital goods from the total output cf

’modern’ industry follows the same pattern as the. selection process for imported capital goods, in respect both to the list of potential capital goods and to the exclusion per-centages applied to account for final use by non-producers. K

For the years 1954-1965 actual or index data are available on the production and/or value of ’modern’

capital goods.

6

Ex-factory values have been marked up b y 20 per cent to cover freight, distribution and install­

ation expenses. Information on the annual value of out­

put b y the domestic assembl-y^ThhUs^try has been obtained

directly from the^assembly plants,^ and this value has been marked down^by 50 per cent to avoid double-counting of the

^Excluding construction of all types.

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188

imported component parts included in the totals of Chapter

6 .

For one year, 1962, information is available on the value of capital goods produced within ’modern’ establish-ments for use b y the establishestablish-ments themselves.

8

It has been noted that such items are usually copies of similar

imported items, but are sometimes inventions of the 9

employees* 10 The estimated value of these goods for 1962 has been added to the total value of other ’modern’ capital goods in the same year; no mark-up of values being required as they are used where they are produced. For other years, an adjustment is made to the figures for G.D.F.C.F. in

domestically produced ’modeim* capital goods to account for these ’internal’ capital goods. The adjustment is made on the basis of the 1962 percentage relationship between ’internal’ and other ’modern’ capital goods.

The final annual, totals for G.DoF.C.F. in domestically produced ’modern’ capital goods are given in Table 7-1•11

For years before 195h it has been assumed that the production of ’modern’ capital goods was negligible.12

To support this assumption, a close examination was made of a comprehensive and detailed list of the structure and

u output of industrial establishments for the year 19h7 * None of the 293 establishments was found to produce any type of potential capital good. There is no evidence

Domestic Production

that this situation changed radically during the period 19h 8“1953? or that •internal1 production of capital goods was widespread.*^

’Traditional* capital goods are defined here as capital goods produced in establishments with less than 10 employees, or, in rather more general terms, as capital goods produced on a unit basis by methods which have basic­

ally remained unchanged throughout the 65-year period of this study. ^ 15 They include all types of indigenous agri­

cultural implements, hand tools, transport equipment and equipment used by the service trades;.

A descriptive list of Iranian implements and tools, together with the variations on each item, has been produced b y Wulff in his study of Iranian crafts, 16 while other

students have described the more common tools and their methods of use. f17 Apart from these, however, there is

considerable domestic production of ad hoc equipment, cf ten from spare-parts, worn-out machinery and other odds and ends.

A classic example of such equipment was observed in a tyre- repairer’s workshop; in Khorramdarreh, where the entire stock of the owner’s capital goods had been fashioned out of the remains of an abandoned motor-car. ^ iq Such capital goods,

in small establishments, are equivalent to the ’internally- produced modern’ capital goods of the large establishments.

’Traditional’ capital goods are used in almost every

Domestic Production

type of small-scale agricultural, industrial and.service \ occupation in Iran, and since ’modern’ - industry is still

21 - . ,

.not widespread, there are good a priori reasons for believing that G-.D.F.C.F. in these items is a significant proportion of total G.D.F.C..F, in the country.

.. , • - / • ■

But data on the prices, longevity and.total number of such ’traditional’ capital .goods, are almost completely .

2P - ■ ■ ■ . ' ■

lacking. Indeed, this is the reason that most G .D.F.O.Fy estimates- exclude them. The only relevant information'

available for Iran is a sample survey, on rural expenditure by households,' and >this survey is Utilised here to enable rough annual estimates .of- G-.D.F.C.F. in ’traditional’

capital goods to be m a d e .

The survey, (■unpublished and-restricted) was made in ' 1.963 by. the .Iranian Ministry of Interior with the assist­

ance of, a United Nations statistical expert,;and covered a , sample o f . 823 households from lij4 villages . The results indicate thatj on average,;6 .h per cent of per capita

expenditure in the. rural areas is made bn various' types of . durable goods ; l+*2 per cent on furniture, kitchen and washing equipment and 2.2, per cent on

miscellaneous,,equip--- .2I1

■ ment and transport equipment. If, it. is assumed that this 2.2 per cent represents expenditure on capital goods, and .that ..one half of the transport equipment is Imported, it can be stated that 1.5 per cent of per

capitalexpendi-1 9 0

Domestic F r oduction ■i j j iw w w u T i m , i , n t . » > - ^ n f m

tare' Is made oh ’traditional’ capital goods'.

If, in addition,, a further assumption is made that the 1.5 per cent applies to expenditure Toy.ail Iranians

(and not Just b y those in rural areas) on ’traditional’

•v "• ‘ * 25 "

capital goods, ^ it can he estimated that G.D*F*C,F, in ' -’traditional’ capital goods,amounted to 5*5 billioai rials .in, 1 9 6 3 . . This ■ i s ’four times greater than GeD.F.G.F, in .

' 26

.’modern’ Indigenous capital,goods for the same year, and amounts to. 52 per cent .of G*D.F.G.F. in imported

capital goods in 19,63*^ ; ' : *

The fact that this result is based on a series of drastic assumptions and a survey which may,. itself, be :

... ... • 2 8 : •' ■' ' ’ '. ;"

subject to considerable .error, implies that the total for 1 9 6 3 can b e regarded-as little more than an ’order of .magnitude’. Nevertheless,; the,figure is large enough to 'affect considerably estimates of total G.D.F.C*Fo, and*its

omission from such estimates.,is- a serious error.

For.years in which estimates of national and per capita expenditure are available (1959-1965)/^' 1 * 5 per cent, of Gross National-Expenditure is assumed to be spent on purchases of. ’traditional’ capital goods." From 1954-1.959 it has been assumed that Gross National Expenditure

■ - .. . 30

grew b y an annua. 1 six per cent, and 1 * 5 por cent of each iyear’s estimate is 1 again used. And for years before 1954.

it has been assumed that .the amount of per capita

expend-Do me s t i c Brp due t Ion

1

iture on Ttraditional’ capital goods was the same, in real terms, as in 195U* Thus the total expenditure on

’traditional* capital goods for 195*4 is deflated b y an index of population and the general wholesale price index to obtain annual estimates for the period 1 9 0 0-1 9 5 5*

Again it is necessarjr to stress the rough nature of the methods employed and the results obtained#

The annual totals for G , D 0F#C#P. in ’traditional1, indigenous capital goods are given in Table 7-2, and the annual totals for G.D'.F.C.F. in domestically produced capital goods (*traditional*. and ’modern1) are presented in Table 7-3*

Domestic Production

Table 7-1: Expenditure on Domestically-Produced Capital Goods - !Modern*" - 195^.-1965« Current Prices._{if— r—rT*trrmuiT ■■■■-) ^r? 1C1} ilnfin^i itTT .In,n ii >ifc < fl. i »■■■! w >ir> nfi 11 gi nfi. iEh i fiii. mi ~nn ■ ni i iPirnfmirnn

(in millions of rials)

Year Total

1954 11.2

1955 11.2

1956 2 2 . 1

1957 2 2 . 1

1958 226.3

1959 1 1 3 1 .0

I9 6 0 1578.0

1961 1663.2

1 9 6 2 1 7 0 0.4

1963 1779.6

1964 3306.0

1965 4 7 0 5 . 0

Sources Various reports of Ministry of Economy* Ministry of Interior and Ministry of Industry and Mines, adjusted b y methods quoted in text*

E otes: The figures for 195h-1958 based on an index of production of durable goods given by the reports of the Ministry of Industry and Mines.

Domestic Production

1

Table 7-2: Domestically-Produced ’Traditional* Capital G-oods, 1900-1965♦ in Current Prices.

(milliojg ri.als.)

Sources: Sources and methods of estimation given in text

Domestic Production,

Table 7-3: . Expenditure on Total Domestically-Produced Capital G-oods. 1900-1965. in Current Prices.

(million rials)

D o m e s t i c P r o duet i on

Notes

i i* i» n ii x i

. 1. B ank Mar ka z i Iran, Provisional Esti mate s o f Na t i onal Iricpme of Iran, 1959-T9.63N Tehran, 1966, p«14* The Ministry of .Economy information quoted,applies only to ’moddrh1 industry. , : - • •.

2, United Nations, ’National Accotinting Practices in 60 : Countries’, Studies in Methods,, Series F, N o .11, New York, 1964V P.*34 (British-'Guyana) , p. 102 (Guatemala),

p .160 (Nigeria). ■ \ V ■ .

3• ’Modern’ capital goods are assumed to h e manufactured i n ’modern’ industrial estah1ishments - i.e. those , ; with more than '9.. employees'. r

4« See, , for example, Iran, Ministry of Economy, General Department of Industrial and Mining Statistics,

. ’Report on the. Results - of Annual Industrial Survey ' of Iran, 1,9 6 3 Tehran,L 1 9 6 6, p . 27. . . .

5- See Appendix 0 of this study.

V;6 o Prom annual statistical.publications of Iran, Ministry of industries and Mines; . Ministry of Economy; and Ministry of Interlor. , 1954-1961: ’Industry and Mines Statistical Yearbook’, Tehran. I9 6 2-I9 6 5: ’R e p o r t ,on

the Indus trial Census of I r a n ’,, arid subsequent reports 7- These were visited, in February and March 1967 and

include General Motors (Iran),.Fiat (Iran), .Rover , (Iran), and Iran National. Inf or mat ion was supple­

mented b y details in Ministry of ..Economy, ops. cit.

6 . Iran, Ministry of Interior, General Department■of.

Public Statistics,. ’Summary of Results, of the Indust- rial Census of Iran, 1 9 6 3’:, Tehran, 1965? p.38.

9 .. Goodfellow, B.R., ’Uni te d:Nat-ions Industrial Survey Mission to Iran, 1 9 6 4 - Interim Report to the Govern- merit’ of T r a n ’, Tehran, 1 9 6 4, - restricted,, p.37 •:

Also Iran, Plan Organisation,./ Indus trial Estates . Authority,. *A Study of the Economic.and Industrial

Conditions of Tabriz’, Tehran, 19^6, pp .35-6..

10. Peace, G . L ., ’Report on the Development of Small-Scale Industry in Iran’, Tehran,. 1962., restricted,' p. 84 •> . 11; C.f. estimates by Bank Markazi Iran," op* cit., pp.21-2

Domestic Production

12. Adib-Soltani makes a similar assumption, though he does not substantiate it* Adib-Soltani, S.,

'Domestic Capital Formation in Private Manufacturing Industry in Iran for the period 1948-195.71 * Tehran, industry, particularly in the private sector, began .in 1953-4• This is certainly true for the product­

ion .of capital goods* See Ahmadi, A., '12 Years in Constructing a New Iran', Tehran, undated, (1965?)?

p.35. . ‘ ,

15* The distinction between 'traditional' and 'modern' capital goods was suggested b y a similar break-down the services of this puncture-repairer.

20. Wulff, H.E., op. cit.

21. In I965.there were 3894 industrial establishments with more than 9 employees. This constituted three per cent of the total industrial establishments in the country. Iran, Ministry of Economy, Bureau of Stat­

istics, 'Iranian Industrial Statistics, 1965 Yearbook', Tehran, 1967? page *j'.

22. Those that do exist refer to agricultural implements only. See Chapter 10.

23* Dutta, N.C., 'Fourth Progress Report on Rural Household.

Consumer B:xpend$ture Surveys - Iran', Tehran, unpublished

Domestic -Production

1 9

and restricted, 1965* Appendix 1, ’Report on the Rural Family Budget Survey of Iran, 1 9 § 3 1•

2h* Ibid*, p.23*

25* This assumption cannot be sxxbstantiated except by the observation that many urban areas (particularly those under* 25*000) are little more than large villages, and'that individuals in the larger towns do purchase ’traditional’ capital goods*

26. See Table 7-1.

27* See Table 6-1*

28o Somermeyer, W*H., ’Draft Final Report on National Income and Accounts in Iran’, Tehran. 1 9 6 3* unpub­

lished and restricted, Annexe 3 (iii).

29* Bank Markazi Iran, ’National Income of Iran, 1959”

1 9 6 5’, Tehran, 1967* (persian), p.50*

30* International Bank for Reconstruction and Development,

’Recent Economic Developments in Iran and the Progress of the Third P l a n ’, Department of Operations, South Asia and Middle East, unpublished.and restricted, 196i+

P*5*

In document Estudio de la expresión de un gen suicida en Aspergillus niger para su aplicación en sistemas de biorremediación (página 93-97)