5. Descripción del Proyecto Educativo
5.4. La implementación
5.5.7. Evaluación del curso
Assistant Professor of Arabic Language and Literature- Imam Khomeini International University Qazvin-34148968818-Iran
* Corresponding author
Abstract
The metaphor in traditional rhetorics has been raised as one of the main topics of the science of expression by the scholars of ancient rhetorics, including Abdul Qaher Jorjani, in the valuable book "Asrar albalaqah" and the Scientists after him. Traditional rhetorics, as we know, has expressed a variety of metaphors, all based on the removal or the presence of pillars of likeness. Our purpose in this research is not to examine and analyze metaphors from the perspective of old rhetorics or the metaphor based on Cognitive Linguistics that has been developed in new research.in fact, we seek to analyze the intellectual foundations of metaphor from the perspective of philosophical ontology, as well as the function of this metaphor in the production of meaning which opens the metaphor against a Small and limited aesthetic in the word and sentence.The metaphor in the old rhetorics focuses on the word. it should be considered as a kind of thinking and released the beauty of the word. with such a look, metaphor goes beyond the scope of cognition and cognitive science. because knowledge depends on previous experiences, while metaphor is based on a philosophical and future-oriented ontology.
Keywords:traditional rhetoric, metaphor, word, existence, philosophy
Introduction
From the perspective of ontological philosophy, the metaphor has crossed the limit of the word and with the influence of a thought that considers the whole language as metaphor, poetry reaches the text world as the widespread and sometimes dynamic world of poetry text. The meaning of the text universe here is a large intellectual foundation that translates the whole of the language into metaphor. Philosophical ontology-based metaphor seems to be a good platform for analyzing the text world from this perspective. Ontological metaphor is formed on the basis of philosophical ontology. The author believes that metaphor is equal to the whole language. and if we examine metaphor with ontological look, we have provided a vast semantic meaning for some of the poems and with this kind of thinking, the concept of beauty is transformed.
1.Metaphor in the beauty of the word
It is not surprising that any serious study of metaphor is almost obliged to start with the works of Aristotle. Aristotle was interested in the relationship of metaphor to language and the role of metaphor in communication. (Ortony,1993,3) Metaphor focuses on the appearance and form of the word in traditional topics and if you want to look deeper into this content it can be said that metaphor in this thought, is summarized in the word and the metaphor is still limited to the goal of beauty. in this part meaning does not have depth and the framework of meaning and image in general is specific and limited. This kind of metaphor is limited in words and its function is limited in beauty which is readily understood by the limited aesthetic experience of the reader.
2.Metaphor and language
In this context, the relationship between language and metaphor is in fact the same as the general concept of metaphor as a kind of thinking. from this perspective, metaphor enjoys profound philosophical foundations and is by no means limited to traditional aesthetics or even cognitive science.
Here the metaphor derives from the metaphysical and ontological origins, and the metaphor from this perspective is placed against the attitude of analytic philosophy that focuses on literalism and precision in the vocabulary. (Fathzadeh,2011,1-2) on the other hand, our metaphor goes far beyond metaphor based on poetic language because such an approach brings it into the traditional aesthetic realm and as we said, we are not looking for this kind of metaphor.
Davari Ardakani in explaining the relation between language and metaphor explicitly states that "metaphor is not merely a literary industry, but a metaphorical language".( Davari Ardakani and others,2012,8) He believes that language is originally from the metaphor and emphasizes the essential role of language that is inherently metaphorical because language gives knowledge to human and human beings with language can express their relation to the origin of existence and the world And such a language is a living language And the living language is also metaphorical (The same source,14 and 15) in this regard, Hawkes believes that talking about metaphor from point of view "Irish
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Richards", "The language is definitely not a garment that covers the stature of thought; That is, there is no medium through which we pass on information about the reality that exists in the "real world" ahead of us. on the contrary, language makes that reality ... “(Hawks,1998,89) In his view and in explaining Richards's vision, the main use of metaphor is the expansion and development of language because the language is reality and the metaphor of the expansion of reality (The same, 95) This means the Liberation of the metaphor that Derrida has put forward. it should be noted that "Meaning does not control language from outside, of course, Meaning is the result of a metaphor; The metaphors that form the basis of language "( Fathzadeh,2011,14) with this statement, Lakoff and Johnson concluded that Metaphor, contrary to traditional views in philosophy, including rationalism and empiricism and also, unlike Kant's thinking, it works to understand human beings and from this perspective, metaphor is a mechanism for creating a new meaning and new realities in life.( Lakoff and Johnson,2015,293-294)
It is clear that metaphor from this perspective as the basis of language can have the function of fundamental creation in the production of meaning, and in particular poetry because "the poet is actively engaged in the process of" expanding meaning "with the conscious use of metaphor and by virtue of these new areas of reality, discover new areas for language, records a new dimension of experience, and it is expressed by the new language "( Hawks,1998,95) One of the important sources that the author of this article finds is the book( An Interdisciplinary Perspective on the Congnitive Meaning of Linguistic Metaphor, compiled) by Zur Erlangung des. In this book, the author initially looks at the metaphor from the traditional point of view and within the framework of Aristotle's perspective. subsequently, in later stages, he analyzes the metaphor from the perspective of Saussure's structuralism, the Pragmatism, and then philosophically. and it turns out that metaphor is inherently philosophical, and then goes on to the philosophical dimensions of metaphor.
However, language is generally ambiguous and signs are arbitrary by nature. Hence metaphorical meaning does not differ from ordinary speech with regard to it’s semiotics. The relation between linguistic signs and the objects they signify is generally arbitrary and established by convention. (Zur Erlangung des,1997.74) but the nature of metaphor.it’s identification and interpretation have intrigued philosophers ever since language has been examined, but until recently. Metaphor was regarded as deviance from the normal, literal use of language. (The same, 105) There are so many poems in Arabic and Persian that has such a property. in this view, we can say that the language is the same metaphor and the metaphor of the same language.the results of this article becomes more pronounced in poetry, because the metaphorical nature of the language in the poem is more evident and here we can say that from a philosophical point of view we want to understand poetry from the perspective of metaphor. a metaphor that is the basis of the existence or existence of a poem. The more poetry is dynamic, the better for our purpose.
3. Metaphorical thinking in terms of philosophical ontology (text universe)
The metaphor in this section has a wider scope and is abandoned from the small world of word and the whole language is metaphor
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here, metaphor Looks at the world of poetry as a dynamic world.
The meaning of the text universe is a broad intellectual foundation that transforms the entire language into metaphor.
Philosophical ontology- based metaphor seems to be a good platform for analyzing the text world from this perspective. As we said before ontological metaphor is formed on the basis of philosophical ontology and this is known from its name.This is the exact opposite of the traditional look because in classical theories of language, metaphor was seen a matter of language, not thought. (Ortony,1993,202) The function of the ontological metaphor is, in fact, to present a new ontological domain or state to the general concepts in the destination domain. This kind of metaphor from the source region presents a limited cognitive structure. Using this kind of metaphor can create new abstract concepts. (Kovecses,2014,63-64) from this angle, in the case of literary texts, and especially poetry, the ontological metaphor can lead to the production of dynamic meanings.
The metaphor will not be made up of a word or phrase
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but in Lakoff's expression, the metaphor emerges from an ontological similarity between the two domains of origin and destination. Hence, metaphor does not depend on language, but on thought. The role of language in this field is secondary and similarity has a primary role. The ontological similarity exists between elements of two realms. But the relations of other elements of the realm are in the work.
(Davari Ardakani and others,2012,34) The ontological metaphor is related to the issue of Existence. in simple terms, the domain of origin in this metaphor draws the reader into the realm of being as a destination. It is clear that in this kind of metaphor of poetry, and in particular semantic poems, it can create a vast destination territory. and the ontological metaphor enters an unknown stage. If the territory of destination is hermeneutical in that case, it can be said that the peak of the metaphor in this kind of ontology is defined.Lafont in his book (Heidegger, language and world-disclosure) emphasizes the role of language and its place in Heidegger's Being and Time. here it may be argued that the concept of metaphor relates to the concept of Dazein in Heidegger's view. the understanding of being(Existence) is considered as always pre-given to Dasein because Dasein
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shares a language that accomplishes a world-disclosure. (Lafont,200.24) Persian and Arabic mystical poems and some contemporary semantic poems such as Adonis, Sohrab Sepehri and ... can be good examples for analyzing our metaphor and its role in the dynamics and presence of poems. many of Hafez, Sa'di, Rumi's, Ibn Farez's poems are metaphors that try to discover the origin of human being and the universe. this is the basis of Sufi poetry such as Adonis or Sepehri, who are themselves influenced by great poets. The realm of this knowledge is endless,
As previously stated, from the philosophical point of view and attitude of ontology to metaphor, poetry can be understood from the perspective of metaphor as the basis of the existence or existence of poetry. now, the more dynamic the poetry is, the closer it will be to our purpose and it will be more suitable for such an attitude. Many semantic poems and mystical poems both in Arabic and Persian can be metaphors arranged by the poet so that the poet seeks expression indescribable. The world and his expression is the goal of this poets. The spirit of world is the metaphor for the future
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understanding such a metaphor does not rely on beauty in similarity or cognition but this kind of metaphor does not fall into a particular definition and for man, in addition to intuition and understanding, it is the expansion of understanding. this world can not be defined and the poet only tries to make this indescribable expression. So all that this poet seeks for is a metaphor of Their world.Results
In this paper it became clear that the metaphor in traditional rhetorics is limited in terms of word and appearance. but metaphor takes on a different and broader conception of the ontological philosophy
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by applying this kind of metaphor to meaningful poems in addition to expanding the arena of meaning and the concept of text, beauty and identity will change. and ultimately, such an attitude leads to the growth of thought and culture. this paper proposes a fundamentally ontological metaphor and the continuation of this path requires new research.References
Davari Ardakani, R (2012). Metaphorical language and conceptual metaphors. Tehran: Hermes Fathzadeh, H (2011). "Derrida and the Release of the metaphor”. Philosophy Journal: 39th year.71-86 Hawks, T. Metaphor. translated to persian by Farzaneh Taheri.Tehran: Markaz
Kovecses, Z. (2014) Metaphor: A Practical Introduction.translated to persian by Shirin Ebrahimi.Tehran: Samt Lakoff, G and J, Mark (2014). Metahors we live by. translated to persian by Hajar Agaebrahimi.Tehran: Nashre Elm Ortony, A (1993). Metaphor and thought. cabridge university press. second Edition
Lafont, C (2000). Heidegger, language and world-disclosure. translated by Graham Harman. cabridge university press Zur Erlangung des. P (1997). An Interdisciplinary perspective on the congnitive meaning of linguistic metaphor, Its Interpretation and computational representation. Marburg