Evaluación de iluminación

the UN Commodity Trade Statistics (Comtrade) database at four-digit level of SITC.

Balassa and Bauwens (1988), Van Hulst et al. (1991), Tan (1992), Sheehan et al.

(1994), Son and Wilson (1995), Lim (1997), Huey (1998), Kalirajan and Shand

(1998), Laursen (1998), Proudman and Redding (2000), Isogai et al. (2002), De

Benedicts and Tamberti (2002; 2004), Havrila and Gunawardana (2003), and Ferto

and Hubbard (2003) as a measure of a c

p

However, Yeats (1985) and Huey (1998) argued that the RCA index should be

interpreted as a dichotomous measure only since it fails to hold ordinal and cardinal

interpretations.20 _{Ballance et al. (1987) found inconsistencies associated with the use}

of the RCA index as ordinal and cardinal measures. In addition, De Benedicts and

Tamberti (2002; 2004) stressed that dichotomous interpretation is the m

us

This section provides the Balassa’s RCA index of revealed comparative advantage,

which is generated for the Australian wine industry and major wine producers in the

world wine market. The analysis is based on the annual time-series data on wine

exports and imports of Australia and major wine-producing countries, gathered from

20 _{The dichotomous interpretation is used to determine whether a particular country has comparative}

advantage or disadvantage over the rest of the world in the production of a particular commodity. In cardinal terms, the index quantifies the magnitude of comparative advantage possessed by a country, while ordinal interpretation is used to rank countries ordered according to higher or lower values of the index.

Table 3.2: Revealed Comparative Advantage index for wines in Australia and other major wine-producing countries, 1980-2004.

Year Australia France Italy Spain Germany Portugal Greece U.S. Argentina South Africa Chile U.K. N.Z.

1980 0.22 6.72 4.96 8.14 0.75 21.79 1.45 0.06 0.58 0.19 1.90 0.21 0.09 1981 0.30 7.20 5.29 7.23 0.87 21.91 1.85 0.08 0.54 0.19 1.88 0.23 0.08 1982 0.25 6.91 5.34 6.67 0.83 19.15 1.77 0.08 0.59 0.21 1.30 0.22 0.07 1983 0.31 7.33 4.65 6.63 0.87 16.49 1.79 0.07 0.41 0.21 1.09 0.24 0.08 1984 0.31 8.10 4.91 5.70 0.91 15.01 1.79 0.05 0.44 0.19 1.28 0.24 0.16 1985 0.23 8.28 4.63 5.69 0.82 13.27 3.12 0.05 0.30 0.15 1.24 0.22 0.14 1986 0.34 8.36 3.22 5.74 0.62 12.92 2.80 0.06 0.37 0.16 1.24 0.15 0.14 1987 0.77 8.31 3.18 5.43 0.52 12.52 2.88 0.09 0.54 0.17 1.37 0.14 0.24 1988 1.14 8.36 3.45 5.20 0.52 12.60 2.19 0.10 0.54 0.21 1.31 0.14 0.38 1989 1.08 8.60 3.67 5.03 0.53 11.31 3.31 0.12 0.73 0.26 1.83 0.15 0.46 1990 1.32 8.07 3.66 4.33 0.50 10.11 3.30 0.13 0.74 0.16 2.46 0.15 0.56 1991 1.74 7.90 3.79 4.94 0.45 10.61 2.54 0.14 0.77 0.34 4.02 0.14 0.64 1992 2.01 7.43 3.64 5.57 0.49 11.04 3.20 0.16 1.11 0.82 4.98 0.14 1.06 1993 2.82 7.95 3.94 5.86 0.50 12.54 3.11 0.17 1.12 0.84 6.36 0.14 1.07 1994 2.89 7.69 4.29 5.24 0.55 11.20 2.98 0.16 1.01 1.22 5.85 0.14 0.99 1995 2.82 7.32 4.26 5.00 0.47 9.57 3.32 0.18 1.69 3.00 5.30 0.18 1.07 1996 3.29 7.25 4.02 4.90 0.43 9.92 2.80 0.21 1.50 3.40 8.38 0.24 1.36 1997 3.79 7.71 3.99 4.96 0.38 9.31 2.79 0.25 2.09 3.53 10.99 0.33 1.77 1998 4.43 7.32 3.88 4.66 0.32 8.09 2.72 0.28 2.35 3.48 13.72 0.25 1.95 1999 5.77 7.73 4.26 4.90 0.32 8.03 2.53 0.28 2.34 3.24 13.31 0.26 2.33 2000 7.04 8.17 4.76 4.91 0.31 9.19 2.61 0.33 2.90 3.85 15.59 0.30 3.25 2001 7.48 7.57 4.60 4.97 0.31 8.20 2.31 0.33 2.67 3.75 16.03 0.28 3.24 2002 8.72 7.57 4.68 4.47 0.30 7.90 1.97 0.33 2.19 5.28 15.09 0.30 3.79 2003 9.42 7.54 4.42 4.39 0.31 7.70 2.24 0.35 2.37 6.19 13.76 0.31 3.91 2004 10.50 7.28 4.65 4.63 0.29 8.03 2.25 0.40 2.86 5.80 11.95 0.27 5.25

Table 3.2 indicates that Australia’s wine trade has experienced a revealed comparative

advantage since 1988. Although Australia had values of the RCA less than one during

1980-1987, the trend over this time period had been increasing. This implies that

Australia was continually and gradually gaining comparative advantage in wines. The

value of the RCA was only 0.22 in 1980; the index rose to 0.77 in 1987, then in the

next year Australia had a revealed comparative advantage in wines with an RCA

value of 1.14.

Table 3.2 indicates that from 1988 onwards, the degree of revealed comparative

advantage in Australia’s wine trade has increased steadily. In 2004, the value of the

RCA index for Australia’s wine trade reached 10.50, which is relatively high among

wine-producing countries. Thus, Australia had a higher export share of wines, which

exceeded its share in the total world exports. This improvement of the revealed

comparative advantage seems to be associated with Australia’s trade liberalisation,

abundant factor endowments, and technological advancement in wine production.

The results presented in Table 3.2 also show that countries with a relatively high

degree of revealed comparative advantage in wines are France, Italy, Spain, Portugal,

Greece, Argentina, South Africa, Chile, and New Zealand since the values of their

RCA indexes are greater than one in 2004. On the other hand, Germany, the U.S., and

the U.K. have a relatively high degree of revealed comparative disadvantage. The

countries having a revealed comparative advantage are major wine-exporting

countries, while those countries having a revealed comparative disadvantage are

major wine-importing countries as mentioned in the previous chapter. All countries

revealed comparative advantage since 1980. In contrast, all countries from the New

World wine-producing countries, except Chile, had a revealed comparative

disadvantage in 1980. However, most of the New World countries have experienced a

revealed comparative advantage since the early 1990s.

Even though most of the Old World countries have a revealed comparative advantage,

their magnitudes have been decreasing since the early 1990s.21 _{Portugal has obviously}

experienced a significant decrease in its degree of revealed comparative advantage.

The Portugal’s RCA index in 1980 was as high as 21.79. But, it has dropped to a level

lower than 10 since 1995 and to 8.03 in 2004. France had an average value of the

RCA index at about 8 during 1984-1990, and then it has slightly decreased to a value

of 7 since 1991. Italy and Spain have also experienced a decrease in the degree of

their revealed comparative advantage. Italy had an average value of the RCA index at

about 5 during 1980-1982, and then it dropped to at about 3 in the late 1980s and the

early 1990s, and has remained at about 4 since 1999. Spain had a relatively high

degree of revealed comparative advantage in 1980 at the RCA index of 8.13, and then

the index values dropped to 5.7 in 1984, and since 1996 Spain has had an average

value of the RCA index at around 4. It is also important to note that Germany is the

only country from the Old World group that has never experienced a revealed

comparative advantage throughout the analysis period and, in addition, has

experienced increasing degrees of revealed comparative disadvantage. The U.S. has

also never experienced a revealed comparative advantage throughout the analysis

21 _{This empirical result is consistent with the claim made by Anderson and Norman (2003) that while}

the European producers are still leading the world wine market; the New World producers have begun to challenge thier dominance.

period; however, it has experienced decreasing degrees of revealed comparative

disadvantage since 1985.

Chile is the only country in the New World group that has experienced a revealed

comparative advantage since 1980. Moreover, in 2004, Chile had a relatively high

degree of revealed comparative advantage among major wine-producing countries

with the RCA index of 11.95. Like Australia, New Zealand and South Africa had

RCA index values of 0.09 and 0.19, respectively in 1980 reflecting their comparative

disadvantage in the wine trade. However, New Zealand and South Africa have

experienced revealed comparative advantage since 1992 and 1994, respectively.