2. MARCO OPERATIVO
3.8. Evaluación de la propuesta
Fitness costs associated with herbicide resistance alelless are evident but not 8
universal among plant species. Their expression and magnitude are strongly 9
influenced by the abiotic, biotic and genetic environment. Future research efforts 10
should compartmentalise the effects of these ‘environments’ by assessing the 11
pleiotropic effects of resistance alleles on plant fitness with proper control of genetic 12
background and, ideally, where the molecular basis of resistance is known. These 13
studies should integrate molecular, physiological and ecological techniques to 14
measure fitness at all life history stages and in a variety of biotic and abiotic 15
environments. Field experiments that record changes in resistance allele frequencies 16
in the absence of herbicide selection should complement these studies. Only then 17
will it be possible to systematically elucidate whether and under which 18
environmental conditions herbicide resistance alleles express fitness costs. 19
20
Acknowledgements 21
WAHRI is funded by the Australian Grains Research and Development Corporation 22
(GRDC). We thank many of our colleagues for useful comments on manuscript 23
drafts including Dr’s Roberto Busi, Henry Darmency, Christophe Délye, Jacques 24
Gasquez, Xavier Reboud, Michael Walsh and Qin Yu. 25
Table 1A
AHAS mutations in evolved field selected weed species in which fitness studies have been conducted Amino acid residue
Wild type Resistant
Cross-resistance to AHAS inhibiting herbicide families
Weed species Fitness cost Reference
Pro-197 His Sulfonylurea Lactuca serriola Yes Alcocer-Ruthling et al. (1992a, b)
Trp-574 Leu Imidazolinone Sulfonylurea Pyrimidinylthiobenzoates Triazolopyrimidines Sulfonylaminocarbonyl- triazolinone
Table 1B
Known AHAS mutations in evolved field selected weed species remaining to be investigated for fitness costs Amino acid residue
Wild type Resistant
Cross-resistance to AHAS inhibiting herbicide families
Weed species
Ala-122 Thr Imidazolinone Amaranthus hybridus, A. powellii, A. retroflexus, Solanum ptycanthum, Xanthium strumarium Pro-197 Ala Arg Gln His Ile Leu Lys Met Ser Thr Trp Sulfonylurea
Several weed species Kochia scoparia, Lolium rigidum Kochia scoparia, Lindernia spp, Lolium rigidum
Raphanus raphanistrum Sisymbrium orientale
Many weed species K. scoparia K. scoparia Many weed species Many weed species
K. scoparia
Ala-205 Val Imidazolinone
Sulfonylurea
A. retroflexus, Helianthus annus, Solanum ptycanthum, Xanthium strumarium
Asp-376 Glu Imidazolinone Sulfonylurea Pyrimidinylthiobenzoates Triazolopyrimidines Sulfonylaminocarbonyl-triazolinone A. hybridus Trp-574 Arg Leu Sulfonylurea K. scoparia Lolium rigidum Ser-653 Thr Asn Ile Imidazolinone Imidazolinone
A. powelli, A. retroflexus, A. rudis A. hybridus, A.rudis, Setaria viridis
Gly-654 Glu Asp
Imidazolinone Oryza sativa
Table 2A
ACCase mutations in evolved field selected weed species in which fitness studies have been conducted Amino acid residue
Wild type Resistant
Cross-resistance to ACCase inhibiting herbicide families
Weed species Fitness cost Reference
Ile-1781 Leu Aryloxyphenoxypropionates Cyclohexanediones Alopecurus myosuroides Lolium rigidum No No Menchari et al (2008) Vila-Aiub et al (2005a, b)
Ile-2041 Asn Aryloxyphenoxypropionates Alopecurus myosuroides No Menchari et al (2008)
Asp-2078 Gly Aryloxyphenoxypropionates Cyclohexanediones Alopecurus myosuroides Lolium rigidum Yes Yes Menchari et al (2008)
Vila-Aiub and Powles (unpublished)
Cys-2088 Arg Aryloxyphenoxypropionates Cyclohexanediones
Table 2B
Known ACCase mutations in evolved field selected weed species remaining to be investigated for fitness costs
Amino acid residue
Wild type Resistant Cross-resistance to ACCase inhibiting herbicide families Weed species
Trp-1999 Cys Aryloxyphenoxypropionates (Fenoxaprop only)
Avena sterilis
Trp-2027 Cys Aryloxyphenoxypropionates Alopecurus myosuroides A. sterilis, A. fatua
Lolium rigidum Phalaris minor
Ile-2041 Val Aryloxyphenoxypropionates L. rigidum
Gly-2096 Ala Aryloxyphenoxypropionates A. myosuroides
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