The independent variables are authorship of textbooks, qualities of textbooks and prices of textbooks. The dependent variable is pupils‟ utilisation of textbooks.
58 3.4 The population of the study
Fig.3.1.Geographical map of sampled LGAs, Oyo State.
In this study, the target population were 59,467 primary five pupils in public primary schools distributed across all the 33 Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Oyo State
(Figure 3.1). Their class teachers (4,729), head teachers (2,024) parents (59,467), authors (50) and publishers (7) of textbooks in use also constitute part of the population. This study focused on primary five pupils because they were more stable
59
and mature than primary one to four pupils. They were at the climax of basic education and have been exposed to a larger part of the primary school curriculum. In addition, they focused on the textbook they were using in the school more than primary six pupils who would be preparing for common entrance examination. The number of textbooks possessed by pupils is related to their parents‟ income because pupils were not working. Therefore, parents are expected to buy textbooks for their children. Publishers of primary school textbooks were also part of this study because they were the ones that selected authors that wrote the textbooks being used in the state.
3.5 Sampling techniques and sample size
The multi-stage sampling technique was adopted to select subjects for this study due to the nature of the population. Although there are 33 local government areas (LGAs) in Oyo State with eight educational zones: Ogbomoso, Ibarapa, Ibadan city, Ibadan less city, Oyo, Iseyin, Saki and Irepo. Seven out of eight educational zones were randomly selected in order to have a full representation of the state. In each of the seven sampled educational zones, two LGAs were selected using equal allocation method, from the each of the two selected LGAs, four schools were randomly selected using equal allocation method. Moreover, only one arm (intact class) of the primary five pupils were randomly selected in each of the four schools selected, giving a total sample size of 1,680 pupils. The total sampled size of the pupils‟ parents was 1,680, 130 primary five teachers in each of the four selected schools were covered, in addition, 50 authors and seven publishers in Oyo State that wrote and published their study texts in four core subjects, mathematics, English language, social studies, and basic science and technology were also covered in the study. The distribution of the selected pupils by the educational zones and LGAs is presented in Table 3.1.
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Table 3.1: Sampled local government areas, number of primary schools and pupils covered in the study
Educational zones
LGAs in the eight (8) educational zones in Oyo state
No of schools in the LGAs
Two LGAs each was selected from seven educational zones
No of schools selected
No of Primary 5 pupils in the selected LGAs
Primary 5 pupils Selected
1.Ogbomoso Ogbomoso North, Ogbomoso South Oriire
Ogo Oluwa Surulere (5-LGAs
24 18 112 55 102
Ogbomoso North
Ogo Oluwa
4
4
3619
3388
120
120
2. Oyo Oyo East
Oyo West Atiba Afijio (4-LGAs
43 44 68 63
Oyo West Afijio
4 4
4880 3932
120 120
3. Ibadan less city
Akinyele Oluyole Lagelu Egbeda Iddo Ona-ara (6-LGAS
112 110 82 73 75 94
Akinyele Iddo
4 4
4402 3657
120 120
4.Iseyin Iseyin , Itesiwaju Iwajowa , Kajola(4-LGAs)
87 51 34 55
Kajola Iwajowa
4 4
5881 3186
120 120
61 Source: Oyo State Primary Education Board
5. Ibadan city Ibadan North, Ibadan NE, Ibadan NW Ibadan SW Ibadan SE
74 73 43 79 62
Ibadan NW
Ibadan SW
4
4
3796
4243
120
120
6. Ibarapa Ibarapa North, Ibarapa East, Ibarapa Central
43 50 47
Ibarapa North, Ibarapa Central
4 4
3412 2332
120 120 7. Saki Atisbo,
Saki West, Saki East
38 63 40
Atisbo, Saki West
4 4
5436
2738
120
120 8.Irepo Olorunsogo
Oorelope Irepo
34 38 28
- -
-
-
2213
2352
-
-
Total 33 2024 14 56 59467 1680
62 3.6 Data collection Instruments
Five research instruments were developed by the researcher and used in this study. They are Teachers‟ Textbook Assessment Scale (TTAS); Parents‟ Textbook Assessment Scale (PTAS); Pupils‟ Textbook Assessment Scale (PUTAS) ;Head Teachers‟ Interview Guide (HTI) and Key Informant Interview Guide (KII).
Teacher‟s Textbook Assessment Scale (TTAS)
Section A elicits background information such as name of school, LGA, age, highest academic qualification and teaching experience. Section B is on items that centre on the use of textbooks in primary schools. The reliability coefficient established was 0.88. Section C centres on qualities of textbook. It consists of items on which the qualities of the textbooks were rated. The reliability coefficient established on this section was 0.95, using Cronbach Alpha method. Section D presents items such as consistency approach used by the authors, relevance of textbooks to the needs of pupils, relevance of knowledge, objective/skill objective, factual accuracy, and learner‟s centeredness, the overall reliability coefficient established on this scale was 0.95 using Cronbach Alpha method. This implies that the entire instruments are highly reliably to assess the textbooks used by primary schools.
Parent‟s Textbook Assessment Scale (PTAS)
The instrument was developed by the researcher. It comprises three sections.
Section A seeks information on pupils‟ and parents‟ backgrounds, that is location, sex, age, qualification and the occupation of the parents. Section B elicits information on the usage frequency of recommended textbooks on the four major subjects, namely Mathematics, English Language, Social Studies, and Basic Science and Technology.
The reliability coefficient established on this section using Cronbach Alpha method was 0.85, meaning that the items measuring the usage of different recommended textbooks were sufficiently reliable. Section C seeks information on the cost of the recommended textbooks for the four primary school basic subjects. Reliability coefficient was 0.92, using Cronbach Alpha method. This implies that the items were highly reliable to measure the construct that centres on the costs of textbooks. This implied that the instrument is highly reliable to obtain information from parents on the recommended textbooks of their children in primary schools.
63 Pupils‟ Textbook Assessment Scale (PUTAS)
The instrument consists of two sections. Sections A elicits information on background information such as names of schools, LGA, age, gender, class, number of the children of parents (father), and their parents‟ occupation. Section B comprises items centred on textbooks possession and usage, place of usage, appropriateness in terms of language, level of usage, and opinion of pupils about the textbooks. The overall reliability analysis coefficient established on pupils textbook assessment scale was 0.77, using Cronbach-Alpha method.