• No se han encontrado resultados

CAPÍTULO 3. ANÁLISIS COMPARATIVO

3.2 EVALUACIÓN DE PROTOTIPOS

3.2.6 EVALUACIÓN DEL PROTOTIPO DESARROLLADO CON SCA

 It is known that DCD breakdown is affected by the soil temperature. However, research should be conducted to determine the effect of other soil factors on the breakdown of DCD. Under winter grazing conditions the soil is known to be wet and anaerobic leading to low microbial activity. Do these anaerobic conditions impact on DCD breakdown? Is DCD leached from the soil profile at a greater rate compared to other grazing systems?

 DCD is one of many nitrification inhibitors. Are any of the other nitrification inhibitors effective in reducing NO3- leaching on dairy winter forage grazing systems?

159

References

Aarons SR, Gourley CJP 2013. The role of riparian buffer management in reducing off-site impacts from grazed dairy systems. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 28(1): 1- 16.

Addiscott TM 1996. Fertilisers and nitrate leaching. In: Hester RE, Harrison RM ed. Agricultural chemicals and the environment. Issues in Enironment Science and Technology. Cambridge, The Royal Society of Chemistry. Pp. 1-26.

Aland A, Lidfors L, Ekesbo I 2002. Diurnal distribution of dairy cow defecation and urination. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 78(1): 43-54.

Amberger A 1989. Research on dicyandiamide as a nitrification inhibitor and future outlook. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 20(19-20): 1933-1955.

Arp DJ, Stein LY 2003. Metabolism of inorganic N compounds by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 38(6): 471-495.

Asing J, Saggar S, Singh J, Bolan NS 2008. Assessment of nitrogen losses from urea and an organic manure with and without nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide, applied to lettuce under glasshouse conditions. Australian Journal of Soil Research 46(6-7): 535-541.

Association of American Plant Food Control Officials 2001. Official Publication AAPFCO 2001 NO. 54. West Lafayette, USA, Association of American Plant Food Control Officials.

Atkinson CJ, Fitzgerald JD, Hipps NA 2010. Potential mechanisms for achieving agricultural benefits from biochar application to temperate soils: a review. Plant and Soil 337(1-2): 1- 18.

Avrahami S, Conrad R, Braker G 2002. Effect of soil ammonium concentration on N2O release and on the community structure of ammonia oxidizers and denitrifiers. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68(11): 5685-5692.

Ball-Coelho BR, Roy RC 1999. Enhanced ammonium sources to reduce nitrate leaching. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 54(1): 73-80.

Ball BC, Crichton I, Horgan GW 2008. Dynamics of upward and downward N2O and CO2 fluxes in ploughed or no-tilled soils in relation to water-filled pore space, compaction and crop presence. Soil & Tillage Research 101(1-2): 20-30.

160

Ball BC, Cameron KC, Di HJ, Moore S 2012. Effects of trampling of a wet dairy pasture soil on soil porosity and on mitigation of nitrous oxide emissions by a nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide. Soil Use and Management 28(2): 194-201.

Ball PN, MacKenzie MD, DeLuca TH, Holben WE 2010. Wildfire and Charcoal Enhance Nitrification and Ammonium-Oxidizing Bacterial Abundance in Dry Montane Forest Soils. Journal of Environmental Quality 39(4): 1243-1253.

Barraclough D, Jarvis SC, Davies GP, Williams J 1992. The relation between fertilizer nitrogen applications and nitrate leaching from grazed grassland. Soil Use and Management 8(2): 51-56.

Barth G, von Tucher S, Schmidhalter U 2001. Influence of soil parameters on the effect of 3,4- dimethylpyrazole-phosphate as a nitrification inhibitor. Biology and Fertility of Soils 34(2): 98-102.

Batey T, McKenzie DC 2006. Soil compaction: identification directly in the field. Soil Use and Management 22(4): 414-414.

Betteridge K, Hoogendoorn C, Costall D, Carter M, Griffiths W 2010. Sensors for detecting and logging spatial distribution of urine patches of grazing female sheep and cattle. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 73(1): 66-73.

Beukes PC, Gregorini P, Romera AJ, Levy G, Waghorn GC 2010. Improving production efficiency as a strategy to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions on pastoral dairy farms in New Zealand. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 136(3-4): 358-365.

Bilotta GS, Brazier RE, Haygarth PM 2007. The impacts of grazing animals on the quality of soils, vegetation, and surface waters in intensively managed grasslands. Advances in Agronomy 94: 237-280.

Birk JJ, Striner C, Teixeira WC, Zech W, Glaser B 2009. Microbial response to charcoal amendments and fertilization of a highly weathered tropical soil. In: Wood WI, Teixeira WG, Lehmann J, Steiner C, WinklerPrins A, L R ed. Amazonian dark Earths: Wim Sombroek's vision. Berlin, Springer. Pp. 309-324.

Blakemore LC, Searle PL, Daly BK 1987. Methods for chemical analysis of soils. NZ Soil Bureau Scientific report 80.

Bodelier PLE, Duyts H, Blom C, Laanbroek HJ 1998. Interactions between nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria in gnotobiotic microcosms planted with the emergent macrophyte Glyceria maxima. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 25(1): 63-78.

161

Boman RK, Westerman RL, Raun WR, Jojola ME 1995. Spring-applied nitrogen fertilizer influence on winter wheat and residual soil nitrate. Journal of Production Agriculture 8(4): 584- 589.

Bruns MA, Stephen JR, Kowalchuk GA, Prosser JI, Paul EA 1999. Comparative diversity of ammonia oxidizer 16S rRNA gene sequences in native, tilled, and successional soils. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65(7): 2994-3000.

Cameron KC 1993. The impact of fertilisers & other farming activities on groundwater quality. New Zealand Fertiliser Manufacturers' Research Association. Dunedin. Pp. 52-63.

Cameron KC, Di HJ, Moir JL 2013. Nitrogen losses from the soil/plant system: a review. Annals of Applied Biology 162(2): 145-173.

Cameron KC, Smith NP, McLay CDA, Fraser PM, McPherson RJ, Harrison DF, Harbottle P 1992. Lysimeters without edge flow - An improved design and sampling procedure. Soil Science Society of America Journal 56(5): 1625-1628.

Carlyle JC, Lowther JR, Smethurst PJ, Nambiar EKS 1990. Influence of chemical properties on nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in podzolized sands. Implications for forest management. Australian Journal of Soil Research 28(6): 981-1000.

Carpenter SR, Bolgrien D, Lathrop RC, Stow CA, Reed T, Wilson MA 1998a. Ecological and economic analysis of lake eutrophication by nonpoint pollution. Australian Journal of Ecology 23(1): 68-79.

Carpenter SR, Caraco NF, Correll DL, Howarth RW, Sharpley AN, Smith VH 1998b. Nonpoint pollution of surface waters with phosphorus and nitrogen. Ecological Applications 8(3): 559-568.

Chan KY, Van Zwieten L, Meszaros I, Downie A, Joseph S 2007. Agronomic values of greenwaste biochar as a soil amendment. Australian Journal of Soil Research 45(8): 629-634.

Cheng C, Lehmann J, Thies JE, Burton SD, Engelhard MH 2006. Oxidation of black carbon by biotic and abiotic processes. Organic Geochemistry 37(11): 1477-1488.

Christensen CL, Hanly JA, Hedley MJ, Horne DJ 2010. Reducing nitrate leaching losses by using duration-controlled grazing of dairy cows. Proceedings of the 19th World Congress of Soil Science. Brisbane, Australia. Pp. 153-156.

Clark K, Chantigny MH, Angers DA, Rochette P, Parent LE 2009. Nitrogen transformations in cold and frozen agricultural soils following organic amendments. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 41(2): 348-356.

162

Clough T, Condron L, Kammann C, Müller C 2013. A Review of Biochar and Soil Nitrogen Dynamics. Agronomy 3(2): 275-293.

Clough TJ, Condron LM 2010. Biochar and the Nitrogen Cycle: Introduction. Journal of Environmental Quality 39(4): 1218-1223.

Collins R, McLeod M, Hedley M, Donnison A, Close M, Hanly J, Horne D, Ross C, Davies-Colley R, Bagshaw C and others 2007. Best management practices to mitigate faecal contamination by livestock of New Zealand waters. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 50(2): 267-278.

Cookson WR, Cornforth IS 2002. Dicyandiamide slows nitrification in dairy cattle urine patches: effects on soil solution composition, soil pH and pasture yield. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 34(10): 1461-1465.

Cookson WR, Cornforth IS, Rowarth JS 2002. Winter soil temperature (2-15 degrees C) effects on nitrogen transformations in clover green manure amended or unamended soils; a laboratory and field study. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 34(10): 1401-1415.

Cooper JR, Gilliam JW, Daniels RB, Robarge WP 1987. Riparian areas as filters for agricultural sediment. Soil Science Society of America Journal 51(2): 416-420.

Correll DL 2005. Principles of planning and establishment of buffer zones. Ecological Engineering 24(5): 433-439.

Cui M, Sun X, Hu C, Di HJ, Tan Q, Zhao C 2011. Effective mitigation of nitrate leaching and nitrous oxide emissions in intensive vegetable production systems using a nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide. Journal of Soils and Sediments 11(5): 722-730.

Dairy NZ 2013. A farmer's guide to managing farm dairy effluent: A good practice guide for land application systems. Hamilton, Dairy NZ.

Davies EB, Hogg DE, Hopewell HG 1962. Extent of return of nutrient elements by dairy cattle: possible leaching losses. International Soil Conference, New Zealand: 715-720.

de Klein CAM 2001. An analysis of environmental and economic implications of nil and restricted grazing systems designed to reduce nitrate leaching from New Zealand dairy farms. II. Pasture production and cost/benefit analysis. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 44(2-3): 217-235.

163

de Klein CAM, Ledgard SF 2001. An analysis of environmental and economic implications of nil and restricted grazing systems designed to reduce nitrate leaching from New Zealand dairy farms. l. Nitrogen Losses. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 44(2-3): 201-215.

de Klein CAM, Eckard RJ 2008. Targeted technologies for nitrous oxide abatement from animal agriculture. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48(1-2): 14-20.

de Klein CAM, Paton J, Ledgard S 2000. An evaluation of a strategic de-stocking regime for dairying to improve nitrogen efficiency and reduce nitrate leaching from dairy farms in nitrate-sensitive areas. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association. Pp. 105- 110.

de Klein CAM, Cameron KC, Di HJ, Rys G, Monaghan RM, Sherlock RR 2011. Repeated annual use of the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) does not alter its effectiveness in reducing N2O emissions from cow urine. Animal Feed Science and Technology 166-67: 480-491.

de la Torre JR, Walker CB, Ingalls AE, Koenneke M, Stahl DA 2008. Cultivation of a thermophilic ammonia oxidizing archaeon synthesizing crenarchaeol. Environmental Microbiology 10(3): 810-818.

Dempster DN, Jones DL, Murphy DV 2012a. Clay and biochar amendments decreased inorganic but not dissolved organic nitrogen leaching in soil. Soil Research 50(3): 216-221.

Dempster DN, Gleeson DB, Solaiman ZM, Jones DL, Murphy DV 2012b. Decreased soil microbial biomass and nitrogen mineralisation with Eucalyptus biochar addition to a coarse textured soil. Plant and Soil 354(1-2): 311-324.

Di HJ, Cameron KC 2002a. Nitrate leaching and pasture production from different nitrogen sources on a shallow stoney soil under flood-irrigated dairy pasture. Australian Journal of Soil Research 40(2): 317-334.

Di HJ, Cameron KC 2002b. The use of a nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide (DCD), to decrease nitrate leaching and nitrous oxide emissions in a simulated grazed and irrigated grassland. Soil Use and Management 18(4): 395-403.

Di HJ, Cameron KC 2002c. Nitrate leaching in temperate agroecosystems: sources, factors and mitigating strategies. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 64(3): 237-256.

Di HJ, Cameron KC 2003. Mitigation of nitrous oxide emissions in spray-irrigated grazed grassland by treating the soil with dicyandiamide, a nitrification inhibitor. Soil Use and Management 19(4): 284-290.

164

Di HJ, Cameron KC 2004a. Treating grazed pasture soil with a nitrification inhibitor, eco-n (TM), to decrease nitrate leaching in a deep sandy soil under spray irrigation - a lysimeter study. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 47(3): 351-361.

Di HJ, Cameron KC 2004b. Effects of temperature and application rate of a nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide (DCD), on nitrification rate and microbial biomass in a grazed pasture soil. Australian Journal of Soil Research 42(8): 927-932.

Di HJ, Cameron KC 2005. Reducing environmental impacts of agriculture by using a fine particle suspension nitrification inhibitor to decrease nitrate leaching from grazed pastures. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 109(3-4): 202-212.

Di HJ, Cameron KC 2006. Nitrous oxide emissions from two dairy pasture soils as affected by different rates of a fine particle suspension nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide. Biology and Fertility of Soils 42(6): 472-480.

Di HJ, Cameron KC 2007. Nitrate leaching losses and pasture yields as affected by different rates of animal urine nitrogen returns and application of a nitrification inhibitor - a lysimeter study. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 79(3): 281-290.

Di HJ, Cameron KC 2012. How does the application of different nitrification inhibitors affect nitrous oxide emissions and nitrate leaching from cow urine in grazed pastures? Soil Use and Management 28(1): 54-61.

Di HJ, Cameron KC, Moore S, Smith NP 1999. Contributions to nitrogen leaching and pasture uptake by autumn-applied dairy effluent and ammonium fertilizer labeled with N-15 isotope. Plant and Soil 210(2): 189-198.

Di HJ, Cameron KC, Shen JP, He ZJ, Winefield CS 2009a. A lysimeter study of nitrate leaching from grazed grassland as affected by a nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide, and relationships with ammonia oxidizing bacteria and archaea. Soil Use and Management 25(4): 454-461. Di HJ, Cameron KC, Shen JP, Winefield CS, O'Callaghan M, Bowatte S, He JZ 2009b. Nitrification driven by bacteria and not archaea in nitrogen-rich grassland soils. Nature Geoscience 2(9): 621-624.

Di HJ, Cameron KC, Shen JP, Winefield CS, O'Callaghan M, Bowatte S, He JZ 2010. Ammonia- oxidizing bacteria and archaea grow under contrasting soil nitrogen conditions. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 72(3): 386-394.

Diaz RJ, Rosenberg R 2008. Spreading dead zones and consequences for marine ecosystems. Science 321(5891): 926-929.

165

Dittert K, Bol R, King R, Chadwick D, Hatch D 2001. Use of a novel nitrification inhibitor to reduce nitrous oxide emission from N-15-labelled dairy slurry injected into soil. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 15(15): 1291-1296.

Do H, Lim J, Shin SG, Wu YJ, Ahn JH, Hwang S 2008. Simultaneous effect of temperature, cyanide and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria concentrations on ammonia oxidation. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology 35(11): 1331-1338.

Doak BW 1952. Some chemical changes in the nitrogenous constituents of urine when voided on pasture. Journal of Agricultural Science 42: 162-171.

Doole GJ, Paragahawewa UH 2011. Profitability of nitrification inhibitors for abatement of nitrate leaching on a representative dairy farm in the Waikato region of New Zealand. Water 3(4): 1031-1049.

Downie A, Crosky A, Munroe P 2009. Characteristics of Biochar: Physical properties of biochar. In: Lehmann J, Joseph S ed. Biochar for Environmental Management: Science & Technology. London, Earthscan. Pp. 33-52.

Drewry JJ, Paton RJ 2005. Soil physical quality under cattle grazing of a winter-fed brassica crop. Australian Journal of Soil Research 43(4): 525-531.

Drewry JJ, Cameron KC, Buchan GD 2008. Pasture yield and soil physical property responses to soil compaction from treading and grazing - a review. Australian Journal of Soil Research 46(3): 237-256.

Eckard RJ 2006. Are there win-win strategies for minimising greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture? ABARE Outlook Conference 2006 Canberra, Agriultural and Resource Economics (ABARE).

Eckard RJ, Grainger C, de Klein CAM 2010. Options for the abatement of methane and nitrous oxide from ruminant production: A review. Livestock Science 130(1-3): 47-56.

Eckard RJ, Chapman DF, White RE, Chen D 2004. The environmental impact of nitrogen fertiliser use on dairy pastures. Australian Journal of Dairy Technology 59(2): 145-148.

Elliott M, de Jonge VN 2002. The management of nutrients and potential eutrophication in estuaries and other restricted water bodies. Hydrobiologia 475(1): 513-524.

Environment Canterbury 2013. Soil Report - Balmoral stony silt loam, updated April 6th 2013:

http://smap.landcareresearch.co.nz/factsheet

166

Evans HJ, Barber LE 1977. Biological nitrogen fixation for food and fiber production. Science 197(4301): 332-9.

Focht DD, Verstraete W 1977. Biochemical ecology of nitrification and denitrification. Advances in Microbial Ecology 1: 135-214.

Frame J 1970. Fundamentals of grassland management. 10. The grazing animal. Scottish Agriculture 50(1): 28-44.

Francis CA, Roberts KJ, Beman JM, Santoro AE, Oakley BB 2005. Ubiquity and diversity of ammonia-oxidizing archaea in water columns and sediments of the ocean. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Pp. 14683-14688. Frye WW 2005. Nitrification inhibition for nitrogen efficiency and environment protection. IFA

International Workshop on Enhanced-Efficiency Fertilizers. Frankfurt, International Fertilizer Industry Association.

Frye WW, Graetz DA, Locascio SJ, Reeves DW, Touchton JT 1989. Dicyandiamide as a nitrification inhibitor in crop production in the southeastern USA. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 20(19-20): 1969-1999.

Glaser B, Lehmann J, Zech W 2002. Ameliorating physical and chemical properties of highly weathered soils in the tropics with charcoal - a review. Biology and Fertility of Soils 35(4): 219-230.

Goring CAI 1962a. Control of Nitrification By 2-Chloro-6-(Trichloro-Methyl) Pyridine. Soil Science 93(3): 211-218.

Goring CAI 1962b. Control of nitrification of ammonium fertilizers and urea by 2-chloro-6-(tri- chloromethyl) pyridene. Soil Science 93: 431-439.

Griffiths RI, Whiteley AS, O'Donnell AG, Bailey MJ 2000. Rapid Method for Coextraction of DNA and RNA from Natural Environments for Analysis of Ribosomal DNA- and rRNA-Based Microbial Community Composition. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66(12): 5488-5491.

Grundmann GL, Renault P, Rosso L, Bardin R 1995. Differential Effects of Soil Water Content and Temperature on Nitrification and Aeration. Soil Science Society of America Journal 59(5): 1342-1349.

Gubry-Rangin C, Nicol GW, Prosser JI 2010. Archaea rather than bacteria control nitrification in two agricultural acidic soils. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 74(3): 566-574.

167

Hansen S, Maehlum JE, Bakken LR 1993. N2O and CH4 fluxes in soil influenced by fertilization and tractor traffic. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 25(5): 621-630.

Harmsen GW, van Schreven DA 1955. Mineralization of organic nitrogen in soil. Advances in Agronomy 7: 299-398.

Hatzenpichler R, Lebedeva EV, Spieck E, Stoecker K, Richter A, Daims H, Wagner M 2008. A moderately thermophilic ammonia-oxidizing crenarchaeote from a hot spring. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Pp. 2134-2139.

Haynes RJ, Williams PH 1993. Nutrient cycling and soil fertility in the grazed pasture ecosystem. Advances in Agronomy 49: 119-199.

He J, Shen J, Zhang L, Zhu Y, Zheng Y, Xu M, Di H 2007. Quantitative analyses of the abundance and composition of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and ammonia-oxidizing archaea of a Chinese upland red soil under long-term fertilization practices. Environmental Microbiology 9(12): 3152-3152.

Hewitt AE 1998. New Zealand Soil Classification. 2 ed. Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand, Manaaki Whenua Press.

Hill AR 1996. Nitrate removal in stream riparian zones. Journal of Environmental Quality 25(4): 743-755.

Hood AEM 1976a. Nitrogen, grassland and water quality in the United Kingdom. Outlook on Agriculture 8(6): 320-327.

Hood AEM 1976b. The leaching of nitrates from intensively managed grassland at Jealott's Hill. Technical Bulletin, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, UK(32): 201-221.

Hooda PS, Edwards AC, Anderson HA, Miller A 2000. A review of water quality concerns in livestock farming areas. The Science of The Total Environment 250(1-3): 143-167.

Hoogendoorn CJ, de Klein CAM, Rutherford AJ, Letica S, Devantier BP 2008. The effect of increasing rates of nitrogen fertiliser and a nitrification inhibitor on nitrous oxide emissions from urine patches on sheep grazed hill country pasture. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48(1-2): 147-151.

Hooper AB, Terry KR 1973. Specific inhibitors of ammonia oxidation in nitrosomonas. Journal of Bacteriology 115(2): 480-485.

168

Houlbrooke DJ, Paton RJ, Littlejohn RP, Morton JD 2011. Land-use intensification in New Zealand: effects on soil properties and pasture production. Journal of Agricultural Science 149: 337-349.

Houlbrooke DJ, Horne DJ, Hedley MJ, Hanly JA, Snow VO 2004. A review of literature on the land treatment of farm-dairy effluent in New Zealand and its impact on water quality. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 47(4): 499-511.

Jetten MSM 2008. The microbial nitrogen cycle. Environmental Microbiology 10(11): 2903-2909. Jha P, Biswas AK, Lakaria BL, Rao AS 2010. Biochar in agriculture - prospects and related

implications. Current Science 99(9): 1218-1225.

Jia Z, Conrad R 2009. Bacteria rather than Archaea dominate microbial ammonia oxidation in an agricultural soil. Environmental Microbiology 11(7): 1658-1671.

Jones RD, Morita RY 1985. Low-temperature growth and whole-cell kinetics of a marine ammonium oxidizer. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 21(3): 239-243.

Junier P, Molina V, Dorador C, Hadas O, Kim OS, Junier T, Witzel KP, Imhoff JF 2010. Phylogenetic and functional marker genes to study ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms (AOM) in the environment. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 85(3): 425-440.

Justice JK, Smith RL 1962. Nitrification of Ammonium Sulfate in a Calcareous Soil as Influenced by Combinations of Moisture, Temperature, and Levels of Added Nitrogen. Soil Science Society of America Journal 26(3): 246-250.

Kelliher FM, Clough TJ, Clark H, Rys G, Sedcole JR 2008. The temperature dependence of dicyandiamide (DCD) degradation in soils: A data synthesis. Soil Biology & Biochemistry

Documento similar