Evaluación de las diferentes formas de transferencia y efectos reportados

In terms of extraction, the exploitation of oil is guided by Act No. 44/1988 Coll. on the protection and utilization of mineral resources (The Mining Act) (see “Zákon č. 44/1988 Sb.”) and by the Czech Mining Authority, as in the case of coal. The trade in oil and oil products is treated in Act No. 458/2000 Coll., on business conditions and public administration in the energy sectors and on the amendment of other laws (The Energy Act).

The Czech Republic fulfi ls its EU and IEA⁸⁹ membership obligations through the Administration of State Material Reserves (ASMR). The obligation to the IEA among other things is maintaining the re-serves as of the date 31 December 2005, and maintaining a reserve at a minimum 90-days average daily consumption of oil products last year. The obligation to the EU is securing oil reserves of 90 days average of daily crude oil imports or 61 days average of daily domestic consumption of oil (it depends which fi gure is greater, calculated in the preceding year) to the date 31 December 2012, based on EU directives 2006/67/EC and 2009/119/EC⁹⁰. The implementing legislation in the Czech Republic is Act No. 189/1999 Coll. as amended by later regulations.

The storage and protection of oil, oil products and intermediate products is realized by state-owned business entities in the Czech Republic. MERO CR is responsible for crude oil storage, while CEPRO a.s.

stores oil products. Petrol, diesel, aviation kerosene, lubricating oils and heating oil are protected products (see CEPRO). CEPRO has 14 main stores, which are connected by oil products pipelines. The construc-tion of pipelines and warehouses began during World War II (see Zabo, 2008, p. 76).

MERO CR operates the Nelahozeves Central Crude Oil Tank (CCOT), which is part of the IKL pipeline. It is used to receive oil from the Druzhba pipeline to and from the IKL pipeline; for storage and mixing of different types of oil according to customer’s needs and capacities; and for oil distribution to the customer. The largest part of the CCOT’s capacity is used by the State Material Reserves Administration for the storage of strategic petroleum reserves. The total storage capacity is currently 1.55 million cubic metres and consists of four tanks with a single volume of 50,000 cubic metres, six tanks with a capacity of 100,000 cubic metres and six tanks with a capacity of 125,000 cubic metres, giving a total of 16 tanks.

These steel tanks are on the surface, with a steel protection pool and fl oating roof (see Zaplatílek, 2007, p. 70; Cieslar, 2008a).

The strategic petroleum and petroleum products reserves were stored in quantities which would last for more than 104 days according to the IEA methodology or respectively 119 days according to the EU methodology as of 31 December 2012 (that is state reserves, if business’s reserves are counted in, then it is 122 days) (see MPO, 2011, p. 11).

89 The Czech Republic joined the International Energy Agency on 5 February 2001.

90 The new directive also modifi ed the rules of the operation of storage organization, the central administrators of reserves can be exclusively established by the state and the European Commission is in charge of controlling these reserves according to this directive (see Nowak & Hnilica, 2010, p. 7).

Tab. 4.6: Volume of Crude Oil and Oil Products Reserves Operated by AMSR as of 12/31/2010

Jet Fuel - 14.812 61.671 - 76.483 0.942 81.19

Kerosene, Gas Oil and Diesel

- 414.843 665.617 37.64 1 080.46 10.533 102.58

Heavy Heating Oil - 34.494 75.906 - 110.4 0.763 144.69

Total 1 014.534 748.726 1 068.171 37.64 1 816.897 17.369 104.61

A – Crude oil and intermediate products supplies

B – Quantity of crude oil (A) in various products based on its content in refi ning in previous year.

C – End products reserves D – Reserves in foreign countries E – Products total (B+C+D)

F – Average daily consumption in previous year G – Share in consumption in previous year

Note: according to IEA methodology, data in thousand metric tonnes, except for column G.

Source: Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Czech Republic, 2011, p. 10; edited by T. Vlček.

4.4 Demand Forecast

For preparing the forecast of oil demand, respectively, the forecast of energy demand in the Czech Republic, it is necessary to consult the materials which affect demand in direct and the most profound manner. In the Czech Republic, these include 2004 State Energy Concept and its revisions from February 2010 and August 2010. The State Energy Concept works with a forecast by 2030. The 2010 Revision of the State Energy Concept provides forecasts by 2030 and 2050, while the revision from 2012 provides the data by 2040.

Tab. 4.7: The Shares of Solid, Liquid and Gas Fuels in Energy Resource Consumption According to the State Energy Policy of the Czech Republic from 2004 and Its Revision from February 2010 and August 2012 (in %)

Solid 52.4 42.5 45.3 30-32 30.5 24 20 12-17

Gas 18.9 21.6 15.7 20-22 20.6 20 21 20-25

Liquid 18.6 15.7 20.9 11-12 11.9 20 19 14-17

Nuclear 8.9 16.5 15.3 20-22 20.9 25 25 30-35

Renewables 2.6 5.4 2.9 15-16 15.7 11 15 17-22

Source: Státní energetická koncepce, 2004, p. 11-12, 40-49; Ministerstvo průmyslu a obchodu, 2010a, p. 77-92; Český stati-stický úřad, 2008; Ministerstvo průmyslu a obchodu, 2012, p. 20-21.

Oil and solid fuels together represent the only sources whose consumption is expected to decrease, and to a very signifi cant extent. The 2004 State Energy Concept predicted almost a half less consump-tion, while its February revision had a notably different version, estimating only a percentage decline of consumption on a regular bases. Even with the declining demand by one per cent, we should take into consideration the long term trend of increasing energy consumption in the Czech Republic. Nominally, we can therefore count on a steady increase in oil consumption (see the forecasts in table No. 48). The most recent revision is more ambitious as it expects a decrease by 4-7 percentage points. However, even if oil consumption stayed at the level of 14-17 %, the need to partially substitute this sort of fuel is impos-sible to avoid. Given the purposes of oil use (almost 65 % for transportation services), it is assumed that the replacement of oil will take place exactly in the transportation sector. According to the State Energy Concept, natural gas is becoming a gradually more important element of the energy fuel mix of the Czech Republic, with an average share of 20-25 % of the mix. In addition to the generation of heat and electric-ity, it will be exploited primarily for transportation purposes, with a projected 350,000 vehicles fuelled by natural gas by 2020 and transportation gas consumption amounting to approximately 1 billion m³ (see Ceska plynarenska unie [ČPÚ], n.d.). Growing effi ciency and the introduction of biofuels should also considerably contribute to the reducing consumption.

Tab. 4.8: Oil Consumption Prediction

Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Consump. 1 210 203 205 215 219 223 228 231 235 238 242 246

Consump. 2 27.88 26.95 27.21 28.54 29.07 29.60 30.27 30.67 31.20 31.60 32.13 32.66 % change 100 96.7 97.6 102.4 104.3 106.2 108.6 110.0 111.9 113.3 115.2 117.1 Note: Data Consumption 1 signifi es thousands of barrels of oil per day, while Consumption 2 signifi es millions of tonnes.

In 2008, a daily oil consumption in the Czech Republic amounted to 210,000 barrels. A barrel of oil is 158.97 litres, conse-quently the consumption, therefore, came to approximately 33.4 million litres of oil per day. The consumption was calculated according to the Specifi c Gravity of Brent Oil (835 kg per m³). A barrel of oil in this calculation weighs 132.754393162 kg.

Source: Business Monitor International, 2010, p. 16, 72. The calculation into tonnes carried out by the author.

It is also interesting to observe the comparison of the Czech Energy Concept’s forecasts and the those in its revision from February 2010. Both scenarios substantially diverge basically in terms of all sorts of fuels except natural gas. The revision compared to the original Czech Energy Concept puts surprisingly less emphasis on solid fuels, almost twice as much on liquid fuels, four times more emphasis on nuclear fuels and expresses less optimism over renewables. The 2012 revision returns to the fi gures from the 2004 Concept and expects greater changes only in terms of solid fuels (basic restriction) and nuclear energy (increased consumption by 10-15 %).