Evaluación final de la unidad

SYPE09 comprises a household roster and questionnaire in addition to five different questionnaires relating to the different groups outlined above. Accordingly, there is a

10-14 questionnaire, a male and a female for those aged 15-21 years, and a male and a female one for those aged 22-29. Different questionnaires have common sections as well as distinct sections that apply specifically to the gender and the age group subject to interview.

The main difference exists between the groups of males and females less than 15 years of age and those older than 15. Some sections within modules are not fit for purpose for the younger age groups. The different sections apply to all the subsequent groups.

However, the type of questions asked differ depending on the gender and the exact age group.

Generally speaking, the main modules composing this survey are:

Household roster Employment module*

Education module Migration module**

Civic participation module*

Time use and personal belongings module Family formation and health module*

* These modules apply selectively to all the different age groups for both gender groups

** This section does not apply to the males and females’ sections in the 10-14 age group The household roster presents the demographic structure of the household, with respect to the number of people living in the household, their relationship to the household head, the gender, age, month and year of birth of each member of the household. This is followed by a subsection on the characteristics of the household with respect to the marital status of the household members (older than 15 years of age) and the age at first marriage.

Additionally, a section on the education of all the members of the household starting with the toddlers and whether they are enrolled in nursery or preschool moving on to the educational backgrounds of the remaining members of the household. A section on health contains information on any disabilities, chronic diseases and health insurance. With regards to employment, the household survey is concerned with the current status of all members of the household concerning participation in the labour market, the sector and the degree of formality of the job. The household survey then moves to any kind of money transfers in the form of pensions, subsidies or remittances the household receives. Finally,

the household survey covers the living and housing conditions as well as the asset

ownership at the household level. The household survey allows the selection of the eligible individuals based on the age and gender. Upon this eligibility selection, the individuals are presented with the relevant age and gender survey for the rest of the interview.

The module on employment is one of the biggest and most comprehensive modules in the survey. It provides detailed information on all aspects of employment relevant to young people from the characteristics of their jobs, to unemployment, out of labour force, under and over employment, entrepreneurship and self-employment, employment history, and the financial behaviour of young people.

More specifically the employment module covers issues related to the employment of individuals during the seven days prior to the interviews. This section aims to classify individuals among the general categories of labour force participation (e.g., employed, unemployed and out of labour force). Subsequent sections focus on the detailed

characteristics of the current job with respect to the hours of work (overemployment and underemployment), any job difficulties and skills required for the job, followed by a detailed section on earnings.

The employment module provides a section on employment history. This section provides retrospective details on three employment stages, the current, the previous and the pre-previous. This section allows a detailed mapping of the employment conditions with respect to the starting and ending dates of each job, its location, the type of job, the sector and the degree of formality of the job. This section of the employment module is considered a major improvement over existing labour market surveys in Egypt.

Moving to the education module. Similar to the employment module for each level of education from the preschool/ nursery education all the way to post-graduate education.

More specifically, it provides detailed information on the type of school (government, Azhar or private, or international), the type of degree awarded in addition to the attitudes towards the school and the quality of teachers. This section also provides information on young people dropping out of education.

The migration section is another module that is only administered to males and females above the age of 15 years. The migration module collects data on personal

previous migration experience, migration experiences of family or friends and aspirations to migrate and pull and push factors acting to shape these aspirations. Moreover, it

provides information on internal migration and moving within the borders of Egypt either individually or within a family.

The civic participation module provides information on volunteering in any service program, as well as networking and friendships, community values, political participation and religiosity. The questions on religiosity differ between males and females due to the existence of questions on the “Hijab” and the “Niqab”. With respect to males, the sub-section on the ‘hijab’ asks whether the male is willing to take an unveiled wife and if she wears a hijab would he ask her to wear the ‘niqab’ too.

Time use and personal belongings provides a profile of what young people spend their time doing. The participation in different activities during the last week, and the day before the survey as well as the number of hours spent on each activity on the day before the survey are the main questions asked on time use. Different activities include personal activities (e.g., sleeping, bathing, dressing, personal care and eating), School related activities (e.g., school, homework, study at home, private or group tutoring), domestic duties (e.g., household chores inside the house, household chores outside the house and care of children , sick or elderly), work (e.g., paid work, unpaid work, learning work/

skill), leisure work/ spare time activities (e.g., spending time with family, resting/ napping/

relaxing, visiting relatives, hanging out with friends, dating, chatting on the phone with friends, internet use, reading, listening to music, watching TV, video games, exercising), religious activities, volunteer activities and commuting time. The time use module additionally asks questions on the different sources of news and the use of internet.

Personal ownership of assets and belongings is also recorded in this module, in addition to the general household ones.

Finally, the survey ends with a family formation and health module. This module is concerned with the marriage background, the relation with the spouse, the cost of marriage and housing issues. Additional to the marriage questions, a number of questions related to the health of young people are administered. This sections covers the general health of young people, their risk behaviour and safety, nutrition, tobacco, drugs and alcohol abuse, mental health and social development, exercise and physical activity and finally

reproductive health.

The module of utmost importance to this thesis is the family formation module, which asks a variety of specific questions on marriage. In addition to the extraction of the

main dependent variables for the three essays in this thesis, other independent variables are also used. The independent variables are extracted from the household roster, the family formation module in addition to the other survey modules. We now provide a deeper

analysis of the various variables extracted from the marriage and family formation module.