Evaluación y taxonomía de Bloom

throughout the manufacturing, construction, process and service industries” (British Standard, 2001, p.1).

The artefact in such research is a specification based on certain criteria that will be articulated from a combination of evidence from the literature, and evidence collected from refugees and disaster management professionals. The specifications are the details that can execute and deliver the criteria for the construction of refugees’ shelters as determined by users’ needs and professional opinion. These views will in turn be influenced by design functions, and the surrounding environment. In addition, the specification will be cognizant with human needs including health requirements and services by appropriate spaces, ventilation, and sanitation for daily activities.

Specifications therefore refer to the elements or requirements that help in building a better shelter. This will allow designers creating effective structures to meet refugee expectations where sharing understanding will be established between the design environment and designers, so the suggested specifications will meet the following requirements:

1. Functional efficiency.

2. Performance of shelter elements.

Creating a specification artefact for refugee shelters is a key step that will lead to the subsequent steps of demonstrating and evaluating what will take place in the field.

Phase One: Explicate the Problem

Explicating a problem is about investigating a practical problem; i.e.an undesirable situation which is presented by people practices (Johannesson et al., 2012). The practical problem for this research can be expressed as function absence of methodology approach that valid to provide adequate shelter for refugees’.

In such research, the causes that contribute to the problem will be presented as positive solutions by developing specifications, which is the artefact. Specifications will be formulated by certain criteria that investigate refugees’ needs. The criteria includes comfort, security and safety, sense of the place, flexibility, modularity, stability, control, durability, and available on demand. Furthermore, the lack of integration between the manufactured design of shelters, environmental aspects and cultural practices of refugees leads to the root causes of the problem. This phase will be informed by a literature review which leads to a deep understanding of the problem and suggestion solutions. De Rocha (2011) states a literature review contributes to gaining a deep understanding of the problem by formulating the theoretical background. To understand the practical problem, field work research will support understanding of the current state and investigating the desired state in order to start developing an artefact.

Phase Two: Requirement definitions and outline of the artefact

It is specific to the function and construction of an artefact that the solution is connected with the environment. Johannesson et al., (2012) states the requirements will help to address the function and construction of the artefact and also the relation with the environment. In this case, the requirement is to specify details to build a suitable shelter in certain climate which meets desert conditions in this research enable refugees to adapt to camp life and carry out daily activities. The specifications will detail performance and efficiency of the structure to protect and facilitate the occupants during their stay.

The activity here is based on the explicated problem. It should use the descriptive knowledge that clarifies the requirements of the artefact which are important for stakeholders.

In order to define the requirements of an outline artefact, it is necessary to include the characteristics of the problem, the framework of the solution, details of the way previous researchers have addressed the same problem, the technological opportunities, and the stakeholder’s needs that will lead to the establishment of the criteria. Furthermore, variables such as different dwelling configurations, topographical variations, cultural variations and the microclimate will mean that one basic design may not suffice for every camp; this guides the designer to the direction of multiple solutions. The following field strategy has been adopted to facilitate the creation of the outline artefact:

1. Survey; This will identify the whole requirements and needs of stakeholders through face-to-face interviews. The research will conduct semi structured interview with refugees to understand a practical problem in the first and second phases. In depth interviews will take place with manufacturing experts such as prefabricated companies, academics, and involved organizations. The purpose of this phase of design science is to develop specifications for refugees’ shelter. In this stage, sampling will be selected depending on deep knowledge of improving shelter specifications and experience on refugees’ studies.

2. Observation; The researcher will observe refugee camps situated in desert conditions. Jordan is an ideal location for this work as it is a country that matches the climatic criteria and has a long history of accommodating refugees. The researcher will observe the way that existing refugee agencies deal with accommodation issues which are raised by those dwelling in existing camps.

Methods used to collect data will include interviews, questionnaires, and focus groups of refugees who will be asked to meet regularly to identify an extensive list of functional and social requirements. In addition, organizations such as the UNHCR, UN, and UNCIEF will be asked to explain the current accommodation strategy and the potential for improvements in the future.

Phase Three: Develop the Artefact

The specifications for suitable shelters for refugees will be based on the observations and survey data collected at the outline stage.

The research will formulate certain criteria that will establish specifications by describing the refugees’ shelters quality requirements through the design elements, orientation of the shelters in the camp context and social/cultural features. The specifications will grasp the criteria of the existing refugee shelter process by considering what users need or want from their shelter and in what context, such as human activities and living conditions. Additionally, specifications will be discussed in relation to performance and describing requirements under each criteria, divided into: control, safety, comfort, stability, being available on demand, modularity and flexibility, duration, and sense of place. Thus, each criteria will address a number of specifications that are criteria led, which include; describing criteria related to weather impacts such as temperature, humidity, sun radiation, conditions inside the shelter, mechanical utilities such as insulation of heat and water isolation, sanitation, design elements of the shelter such as

investigated comprehensively and set as specifications in order to establish a shelter that meets refugees’ needs.

Phase Four: Demonstrate the Artefact

To demonstrate an artefact, it is necessary to validate the artefact design in the work field. This will be achieved by returning to the stakeholders that were canvassed in the outline phase. This will serve to validate the artefact, or to point out deficiencies leading to amendments and a further iteration of the process.

5.

Conclusion

There is a need to construct better shelters for refugees in desert climate conditions. A lack of guidance or a comprehensive strategy to provide better shelters for refugees that focuses on their needs is also not in evidence. In addition, there is a need for new methods to investigate a solution to this problem based on user needs and local conditions. This method should be problem oriented. The advantage of Design Science would seem to fulfil this requirement as it is a comprehensive way to solve a real world problem of accommodating refugees.

In short, the paper will provide specifications that offer an organized flexible structure; shelter would be easily built and dismantled to meet refugees’ needs in desert climate. The research will investigate the validity of design science as methodology approach comparing to other methods to develop an adequate refugees’ shelter that used empirical research instead.

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ID 074

Has the UK Government Construction Strategy delivered?