CAPÍTULO 5. DESEMPEÑO DE MEZCLAS BENTONÍTICAS
5.4. Evaluación de tecnologías alternativas para el control de filtraciones en los
The present study extracts various aspects of literary shape from the different text- centred approaches.
The emphasis on the form of the internal text as a “piece of verbal art, a product of deliberate crafting, shape and making by its author”57 arose in Russian
50 Wolfgang Iser, The Implied Reader: Patterns of Communication in Prose Fiction from
Bunyan to Beckett (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1974).
51 Sully, “Implied Author/Reader”, 254; Booth, Rhetoric of Fiction, 428–31; Kindt and
Müller, Implied Author, 136–43.
52 Wolf Schmid, “Implied Reader”, 3.1.5–10; Nelles, Historical and Implied Authors and
Readers, 29–42.
53 Peter J. Rabinowitz, “Truth in Fiction: A Reexamination of Audiences”, Critical Inquiry 4
(1977): 121–41.
54 Iser, Act of Reading, 60.
55 Fernando F. Segovia, “The Significance of Social Location in Reading John’s Story”, in
Gospel Interpretation. Narrative-Critical and Social-Scientific Approaches. Ed. Jack Dean Kingsbury (Harrisburg: Trinity, 1997), 212–21; Yak-Hwee Tan, Re-Presenting the Johannine Community: A Postcolonial Perspective, SBL 107 (New York: Peter Lang, 2008), 65–68.
56 Tan, Johannine Community, 66.
57 Uri Margolin, “Formalism”, in Herman, Jahn, and Ryan, Narrative Theory, 180–185,
Formalism.58 This was further developed by New Criticism59 which replaced the
search for “original authorial intent” with that of the implied author discerned within the text. The two component parts of literary shape as story (what the narrative is about) and discourse (how the narrative is told)60 emerged from Narratology which
forms theoretical principles from specific literary texts.61 The application of literary
theory to biblical narratives became known as Narrative Criticism62 looking first at
Old Testament literature63 before extending to the New Testament.64 It is here that
the exploration of Acts’ literary shape finds its home.
Saussure’s linguistic concepts65 resulted in further developments of
philosophical and obscure “deep-surface” meanings closer to a reader-centred approach. Although generally less relevant to exploration of a text’s literary shape, they do contain some useful ideas. The idea of symbolic meaning for spatial,
58 E.g. Viktor B. Schklovsky, On the Theory of Prose, trans. Benjamin Sher (Champaign:
Dlakey Archive, 1990); Vladimir Propp, Morphology of the Folktale, trans. Laurence Scott, 2nd ed.
(Austin: University of Texas Press, 1968); Pamela Jeanne Milne, Vladimir Propp and the Study of Structure in Hebrew Biblical Narrative (Sheffield: Almond, 1988); Peter Steiner, Russian Formalism: A Metapoetics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1978); Roman Jakobson, “A Postscript to the Discussion of the Grammar of Poetry”, Diacritics 10 (1980): 21–35.
59 John C. Ransom, The New Criticism (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1979); William K.
Wimsatt and Monroe C. Beardsley, “The Intentional Fallacy” and “The Affective Fallacy”, in The Verbal Icon: Studies in the Meaning of Poetry (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1954), 3–18, 21–39.
60 Chatman, Story and Discourse, 19, 96.
61 E.g. Gerald A. Prince, Narratology: The Form and Functioning of Narrative (Berlin:
Mouton, 1982); Rimmon-Kenan, Narrative Fiction; Bal, Narratology; Monika Fludernik, An Introduction to Narratology (Abingdon: Routledge, 2009).
62 Cocksworth, “Beginnings”, 36, notes the interplay between Narratology and Narrative
Criticism; Mark Allan Powell, What is Narrative Criticism? (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1990), 19, notes that narrative criticism has no exact counterpart outside of biblical scholarship. Cf. Joel B. Green, “Narrative Criticism”, in Methods for Luke, ed. Joel B, Green (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 74–112.
63 E.g. Erich Auerbach, Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature, trans.
William Trask (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1957); Northrop Frye, The Great Code: The Bible and Literature (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1982); Thomas R Henn, The Bible as Literature (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970); Robert Alter. The Art of Biblical Narrative (New York: Basic, 1981); Adele Berlin, Poetics and Interpretation of Biblical Narrative (Sheffield: Almond, 1983); John Barton, Reading the Old Testament: Method in Biblical Study (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1984); Sternberg, Poetics; Leland Ryken, Words of Delight: A Literary Introduction to the Bible (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1987); Shimon Bar-Efrat, Narrative Art in the Bible, trans. Dorothy Shefer-Vanson. JSOTSup 70 (Sheffield: Almond, 1989); Jerome T. Walsh, Old Testament Narrative: A Guide to Interpretation (Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2009).
64 E.g. William A. Beardslee, Literary Criticism of the New Testament (Philadelphia:
Fortress, 1969); Petersen, Literary Criticism; Leland Ryken, Words of Life: A Literary Introduction to the New Testament (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1987); Powell, Narrative Criticism; Porter, “Literary Approaches”, 94–112; Marguerat and Bourquin, Bible Stories; David Rhoads, Reading Mark: Engaging the Gospel (Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 2004); Resseguie, Narrative Criticism.
65 Ferdinand de Saussure, Course in General Linguistics, ed. Charles Bally and Albert
temporal, and character components is taken from Structuralism66 and the concept of
narrative gaps/omissions from Deconstructionism. 67
A study of the relationship between literary shape and significance connects with other aspects from scholarship. The idea of a deliberate arrangement of a text’s structure and story for maximising significance emerges from Literary-Rhetorical Criticism.68 However, this combines a broad spectrum of historical studies, homiletic
oratory, and reader persuasion. Also, the ancient rhetorical handbooks generally apply grammatical and stylistic aspects to individual speeches (a micro literary- shape) rather than principles for a whole literary narrative.69 Since Acts was written
for reading aloud like other ancient books,70 this study follows Robert
Morgenthaler71 and Philip Satterthwaite72 in making a limited application of some
66 Daniel and Aline Patte, Structural Exegesis: From Theory to Practice. Exegesis of Mark
15 and 16 Hermeneutical Implications (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1978), 1–10. However, Structuralism’s exploration of the deep structures within literary story leads into a reader-response approach which undermines literary shape as revealing theological significance. Cf. Susan Wittig, “The Historical Development of Structuralism”, in Structuralism: An Interdisciplinary Study, ed. Susan Wittig, PRS 3 (Pittsburgh: Pickwick, 1975), 1–22; Daniel Patte, Structural Exegesis for New Testament Critics (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1989); Bill Stancil, “Structuralism”, in New Testament Criticism and Interpretation, ed. David Alan Black and David S. Dockery (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1991), 319– 344.
67 Meir Sternberg, Expositional Modes and Temporal Ordering in Fiction (Baltimore: Johns
Hopkins University Press, 1978), 50–55; James A. Redfield, “Behind Auerbach’s ‘Background’: Five Ways to Read What Biblical Narratives Don’t Say”, AJSR 39 (2015): 121–50. However, Deconstructionism is a poststructural response arguing the textual meaning is not stable or coherent. Like structuralism it undermines a literary shape which reveals a definite theological significance. Cf. Jonathan Culler, On Deconstruction: Theory and Criticism after Structuralism (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1982); Christopher Norris, Deconstruction: Theory and Practice (New York: Methuen, 1982); G. Douglas Atkins, Reading Deconstruction, Deconstructive Reading (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1983).
68 E.g. George A. Kennedy, New Testament Interpretation Through Rhetorical Criticism
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984); Burton L. Mack. Rhetoric and the New Testament (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1989); Duane F. Watson, ed., Persuasive Artistry: Studies in New Testament Rhetoric in Honor of George A. Kennedy, JSNTSup 50 (Sheffield: JSOT, 1990); Dennis L. Stamps, “Rhetorical Criticism of the New Testament: Ancient and Modern Evaluations of Argumentation”, in Porter and Tombs, Approaches to New Testament Study, 129–169; Ben Witherington, III, New Testament Rhetoric: An Introductory Guide to the Art of Persuasion in and of the New Testament (Eugene, OR: Cascade, 2009).
69 Rhet. Her.; Theon, Prog; Quintilian, Inst. esp. 10; Cicero, Inv.; Cicero, De or.; Dionysius
of Halicarnassus, Comp. Cf. Blake Shipp, Paul. The Reluctant Witness: Power and Weakness in Luke’s Portrayal (Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2005), 121–158.
70 R. W. McCutcheon, “Silent Reading in Antiquity and the Future of the Book”, Book
History 18 (2015): 1–32, citing 11; Kennedy, Rhetorical Criticism, 5–6; Thomas E. Boomershine, Story Journey: An Invitation of the Gospel as Story Telling (Oxford: Abingdon, 1988); Rhoads, Reading Mark, 176–200; Whitney Shiner, Proclaiming the Gospel (Harrisburg: Trinity, 2003); William D. Shiell, The Lector and the Early Christian Audience (Boston: Brill, 2004); Pieter J. J. Botha, Orality and Literacy in Early Christianity (Eugene, OR: Cascade, 2012), 82, calculates that Acts can be performed in 120 minutes.
71 Robert Morgenthaler, Lukas und Quintilian: Rhetorik als Erzählknust. 2 vols. ATANT 14,
15 (Zürich: Gotthelf, 1993).
72 Philip E. Satterthwaite, “Acts Against the Background of Classical Rhetoric”, in Winter
rhetorical principles to Acts’ literary shape.73 In addition, the identification of
theological significance within a text follows the macro-literary emphasis of Composition Criticism74 and a focus on words, sentences, and paragraphs similar to
the micro-literary syntax, semantics, and semiotics of Discourse Analysis.75
These approaches move beyond just identifying literary shape into also interpreting its significance. For Acts this involves constructing a narrative theology, but only after narrative criticism is applied to Acts in Chapter Two. The danger of reading theology into the narrative is avoided by first focusing on literary shape.
The next step clarifies how literary shape theory is developed and employed in the present study.