Evaluación de los tres proyectos ambientales según la Matriz de Leopold

B

volved in the evaluation of stimulus saliency. For example, bold adults exhibit more bilateral nucleusaccumbens acti- vation and less bilateral amygdala activation when look- ing at the faces of strangers than do less bold adults. Compare shyness. See also shy–boldcontinuum.

bolstering of an attitude

a method of reducing cog-

nitive dissonance by generating new cognitive elements that are consistent with an attitude. This is presumed to offset the dissonance resulting from an inconsistent ele- ment.

bombesin

n. a neuropeptide, originally isolated from the

skin of the fire-bellied toad and later found in mammals, that regulates the contraction of smooth muscle cells, sup- presses appetite, and has a role in certain cancers.

bona fide group

see naturalgroup.

bona fide occupational qualification

(BFOQ) an

attribute or personal characteristic (e.g., age, sex, physical ability) that is genuinely necessary to perform a particular job successfully, as opposed to one that is often associated with the job but not in fact necessary for effective perfor- mance. See also adverseimpact; agediscrimination in employmentact; americanswithdisabilitiesact.

bona fide pipeline measure

see evaluativepriming

measure.

bond

n. a relationship between two or more individuals that signifies trust and alliance. In a social context, the ex- istence of bonds between individuals is such that each per- son feels an attraction toward the other and each expects their association to continue. In psychotherapy, the bond of a therapeuticalliance between therapist and client is considered beneficial to the treatment. See also pairbond.

bondage

n. physical restraint of one person by another to

arouse sexual pleasure in one or both partners.

bondage and discipline

(B and D) a phase of sexual

bondage that is accompanied by such acts as whipping or spanking. Because of the potential physical danger, the partners usually agree on a signal, called a safe word, to be used when the erotic activity exceeds the pleasurable lim- its. See also sadomasochism.

bonding

n. the process in which attachments or other

close relationships are formed between individuals, espe- cially between mother and infant. An early, positive rela- tionship between a mother and a newborn child is considered by some theorists to be essential in establishing unconditional love on the part of the parent, as well as se- curity and trust on the part of the child. In subsequent de- velopment, bonding establishes friendship and trust (see

bond).

bone age

a measure of the skeletal maturity of an indi-

vidual based on the stage of ossification of bone, usually determined from X-rays of the hand and wrist.

bone conduction

the transmission of sound waves to

the inner ear through vibrations of bones in the skull.

bone-conduction testing

an audiological procedure

to determine if the hearing loss detected in air-conduc- tiontesting is a result of conductive or sensorineural fac- tors. It is performed at controlled frequencies with a small bone-conduction vibrator that is attached to a headband and placed on the temporal bone behind the ear. See air– bonegap.

bone pointing

see voodoodeath.

Bonferroni t test

see dunn–bonferroniprocedure.

[Carlo Emilio Bonferroni, (1892–1960), Italian mathema- tician]

Bonnet syndrome

see charlesbonnetsyndrome.

bony labyrinth

see labyrinth.

Boolean algebra

a set of rules that simplify the expres-

sion of relatively complex logical statements by describing them in terms of different variables whose outcomes are ei- ther true or false. In Boolean algebra, which underlies digi- tal computation systems, words are used to create logical combinations or operators (e.g., and, or, not). [George Boole

(1815–1864), British mathematician and logician]

boomerang effect

a situation in which a persuasive

message produces attitude change in the direction opposite to that intended. Boomerang effects occur when recipients generate counterarguments substantially stronger than the arguments contained in the original message.

booster session

in therapy, particularly cognitivebe-

haviortherapy, any occasional periodic session, after the main sessions are officially ended, in order to reinforce pro- gress or troubleshoot obstacles to continuance of positive changes made during the therapy.

bootstrapping

n. 1. any process or operation in which a

system uses its initial resources to develop more powerful and complex processing routines, which are then used in the same fashion, and so on cumulatively. In languageac- quisition, for example, the term describes children’s ability to learn complex linguistic rules, which can be endlessly reapplied, from extremely limited data (see quinianboot- strapping). 2. a statistical technique to estimate the vari- ance of a parameter when standard assumptions about the shape of the data set are not met. For example, boot- strapping may be used to estimate the variance of a set of scores that do not follow a normaldistribution. In this procedure, a subset of values is taken from the data set, a quantity (e.g., the mean) is calculated, and the values are reinserted into the data; this sequence is repeated a given number of times. From the resulting set of calculated val- ues (e.g., the set of means), the summary value of interest is calculated (e.g., the standard deviation of the mean). See also jackknife. —bootstrap vb.

borderline

1. adj. pertaining to any phenomenon diffi-

cult to categorize because it straddles two distinct classes, showing characteristics of both. Thus, borderlineintelli- gence is supposed to show characteristics of both the aver- age and subaverage categories. See also borderline disorder; borderline state. 2. n. an informal or short- hand designation for someone with borderlinepersonal- itydisorder or its symptoms.

borderline case

see case.

borderline disorder

1. see borderline personality

disorder. 2. historically, any psychological condition that lies between normality and neurosis, between normality and psychosis, or between normal intelligence and intellec- tual disability.

borderline intelligence

a level of measured intellec-

tual performance between average and significantly subav- erage intelligence. Some researchers define it as an IQ between 68 and 83, others as any IQ in the 70s, but it is most often associated with IQs in the range 70 to 75. IQs in the borderline range, especially above 75, do not justify a basis for diagnosis of intellectual disability. Also called bor-

boundary

B

derline intellectual functioning; borderline mental retardation.

borderline personality disorder

in DSM–IV–TR

and DSM–5, a personality disorder characterized by a long-standing pattern of instability in mood, interpersonal relationships, and self-image that is severe enough to cause extreme distress or interfere with social and occupational functioning. Among the manifestations of this disorder are (a) self-damaging behavior (e.g., gambling, overeating, substance use); (b) intense but unstable relationships; (c) uncontrollable temper outbursts; (d) uncertainty about self-image, gender, goals, and loyalties; (e) shifting moods; (f) self-defeating behavior, such as fights, suicidal gestures, or self-mutilation; and (g) chronic feelings of emptiness and boredom. See also mentalization.

borderline psychosis

see borderlinestate.

borderline schizophrenia

historically, a condition in

which an individual inconsistently displays symptoms of schizophrenia (e.g., only under circumstances of high stress) but is in touch with reality most of the time.

borderline state

any condition in which an individual’s

presenting symptoms are difficult to classify. Historically, borderline state (or borderline psychosis) more specifically referred to a condition in which an individual may become psychotic if exposed to unfavorable circumstances but has not currently lost touch with reality.

boredom

n. a state of weariness or ennui resulting from

a lack of engagement with stimuli in the environment. It is generally considered to be one of the least desirable condi- tions of daily life and is often identified by individuals as a cause of feeling depressed. It can be seen as the opposite of

interest and surprise. —bored adj.

Borg scale

either of two scales for measuring intensity of

sensation and experience, enabling comparisons across people and across tasks. The RPE scale (rating of perceived exertion) is used specifically for measuring perceived effort in physical work. The CR10 scale (categorical rating with a scale from 1 to 10) is a general method that measures the magnitude of different sensations, including pain, loud- ness and noise, and brightness. These scales are used in psychophysics as well as in fitness training, ergonomics, and rehabilitation. [Gunnar Borg, 20th-century Swedish psychologist]

Börjeson–Forssman–Lehmann syndrome

a dis-

order characterized by microcephaly, severe intellectual disability, obesity, seizures, hypogonadism, and distinct fa- cial features. Fully expressed primarily in males, it is caused by an X-linked recessive trait mutation in the PHF6 gene. [Mats Gunnar Börjeson (1922– ), Hans Axel Forssman

(1912–1994), and J. O. Orla Lehmann (1927– ), Swedish physicians]

borna disease

a disease of mammals (especially horses)

that is caused by a virus and can be transmitted to hu- mans, typically via intranasal infection. It usually results in encephalopathy, which leads to ataxia, blindness, and other neurological disorders.

borstal system

a treatment approach for juvenile of-

fenders that emphasizes rehabilitation through hard work and recreation, along with a period of supervision during reentry to society. The approach is named after the prison at Borstal in Kent, England, where it was first introduced in 1908.

BOS

abbreviation for behavioralobservationscale.

Boston Naming Test

(BNT) a fluency test of word re-

trieval used to evaluate aphasia. Drawings of objects— ranging in difficulty from the commonly encountered (e.g., tree, bed) to the rarely encountered (e.g., sphinx, abacus)— are presented, and the participant provides the name of each object. The BNT was originally developed in 1978 by U.S. neuropsychologist Edith kaplan, U.S. clinical psychol- ogist Harold Goodglass (1920–2002), and U.S. neuropsy- chologist Sandra Weintraub (1946– ). It is often administered with the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examina- tion (BDAE), a test that Kaplan and Goodglass first devel- oped in 1972 for use in determining the presence and type of aphasia and in assessing its severity by measuring as- pects of an individual’s communication ability, including perception (e.g., auditory, visual), processing (e.g., compre- hension), and expression (e.g., speech, writing). Both tests remain among the most widely used language-disorder as- sessment instruments in neuropsychology.

Boston Process Approach

see processapproach.

BOT

abbreviation for bruininks–oseretskytestofmotor proficiency.

botany

n. the scientific study of plants. —botanical adj.

—botanist n.

bottleneck model

any model of attention that assumes

the existence of a limited-capacity channel (typically with a capacity of one item) at some specific stage of human in- formation processing. In late-selection theories, this channel (the “bottleneck”) occurs after stimulus identifica- tion.

bottoming out

a state of despair characterized by finan-

cial ruin, suicide attempts, or shattered family and other intimate interpersonal relationships that is frequently ex- perienced by people with severe depression or addiction dis- orders (e.g., substance abusers and pathological gamblers).

bottom-up design

an inductive approach to the design

of a system or product. Such an approach involves identify- ing basic user requirements and allowing these to drive the design, as opposed to basing it on existing product designs or abstract models. Compare top-downdesign.

bottom-up processing

information processing in

which incoming stimulus data initiate and determine the higher level processes involved in their recognition, inter- pretation, and categorization. For example, in vision, fea- tures would be combined into objects, and objects into scenes, recognition of which would be based only on the information in the stimulus input. Typically, perceptual or cognitive mechanisms use bottom-up processing when in- formation is unfamiliar or highly complex. Also called bot-

tom-up analysis; data-driven processing. Compare

top-downprocessing. See also shallowprocessing.

bouffée délirante

see acutedelusionalpsychosis.

Boulder model

see scientist-practitionermodel.

boundary

n. 1. a psychological demarcation that pro-

tects the integrity of an individual or group or that helps the person or group set realistic limits on participation in a relationship or activity. 2. in psychotherapy, an important limit that is usually set by the therapist as part of the

groundrules in treatment. Boundaries may involve areas of discussion (e.g., the therapist’s personal life is off limits) or physical limits (e.g., rules about touching), which are guided by ethical codes and standards. Respect for bounda- ries by both the therapist and client is an important con- cept in the therapeutic relationship.

In document Elder Rendón Rengifo. Modalidad pasantía para optar al título de Ingeniero Ambiental y Sanitario (página 53-76)