special medical therapeutic section connected to the diagnosis and recovery programs.
Basically, Rehabilitation is a process of helping people to reach the fullest physical, psychological, social, vocational and educational potential level. All of these goals of the rehabilitation process depend of the patient’s physiological or anatomic impairment, on their willing to be rehabilitated and environmental limitation. Rehabilitation consists in “the use of all means aimed at reducing the impact of disabling and handicapping conditions and at enabling people with disabilities to achieve optimal social integration” (World Health Organization).
In this section we focus on the particularities and the problems of the rehabilitation system in Romania, trying to find an appropriate answer to its.
2.1 The current Romanian rehabilitation system in figures
Medical rehabilitation occurs as a distinct branch of the Romanian healthcare system in earlier ‘70s. In the decade 1970-1980, the ambulatory network was designed, and the first rehabilitation clinics within the existent hospitals occur. In 1984 the design of the neurological rehabilitation program was started, including the University Clinics in Bucharest, Timisoara, Iasi, Cluj and Targu-Mures, and having as a main result the
Emil Scarlat, Virginia Maracine, and Adriana Nica
only one medical facility entirely dedicated to the rehabilitation services, the National Institute of Rehabilitation, Physical Medicine and Balneo-climatology from Bucharest (INRMFB).
The total supply on the medical rehabilitation field in Romania today is presented in Table 2. Table 2: Romanian hospitals’ total supply for rehabilitation services
Crt. No. Institution Type/Characteristics Total number of
hospital beds 1. INRMFB National Institute containing 3 Medical Rehabilitation
Clinics with an Average of 75 beds
225 2. Bucharest, Timisoara, Iasi, Cluj, Targu-Mures
University Clinics with an Average of 60 beds 300
3. County Hospitals Rehabilitation Clinics within each of the 41 county hospitals with an Average of 25 beds
1025
4. Private Hospitals None -
TOTAL 1,550 beds
In 2006 this capacity succeeds to cover between 25% and 30% of the real demand for medical rehabilitation services. According with the Statistics Department of the INRMFB, this percentage will decrease continuously due to the following factors:
̇ the increasing number of strokes among the adults and young people;
̇ the decreasing of the average age with maximum risk of strokes from 50 years old in the ‘90s, at 40 years old in 2000;
̇ the permanent increase of the traffic and work accidents;
̇ the demographic phenomenon of increasing the aged people, i.e. that segment of the population with the highest risk for neurological problems;
̇ the hospitalization of those patients who didn’t need an in-patient system (for example the ones who requires just post-traumatic treatment), but who are integrated in this classic system because of the huge distance between the hospital and their home.
In order to increase the ratio offer/demand for rehabilitation services, in some cases the hospitals’ managers succeed to find some pseudo-solution for the people that need specialized medical assistance, but who can be hospitalized only if they are willing to wait between 2.5 – 3 months. Such pseudo-solutions for the INRMFB consist in programs as:
̇ Outpatient – the patient come into the hospital just to receive the treatment; and
̇ Hospital by day patient – the patient is hospitalized only during the day and is supervised to accomplish his rehabilitation program, without receiving any medication or food from the hospital.
The biggest clinic of INRMFB - Clinic III Filantropia with 85 beds - succeeds in this way in 2006, to have a record number of 2,489 hospitalized patients, even if it can offers only 85 x 2 = 160 hospitalizations per month, so a total of 1,920 patients per year! This surplus of 23% non-in-patients plus a 10% from the in- patients for whom the hospitalization isn’t compulsory, constitute the group of patients to whom the existence of a home rehabilitation system is the best solution for recovering, both as effectiveness and from economic considerations (hospital and patients costs/savings).
But still, is the home rehabilitation system a feasible solution for Romania today? We will try to give an answer in the next two paragraphs.
2.2 The required infrastructure for sustaining a rehabilitation VN
In order to design a functional VN for home rehabilitation, a set of conditions has to be fulfilled:
1. First of all, every patient enrolled into the VN must to have access to a PC connected via Internet with the entire network. From this perspective, according with the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions (www.eurofound.europa.eu), in 2005 Romania has the lowest density of computers at 1,000 inhabitants, namely a quarter from the average number in the EU countries. This could be a serious constraint of building a VN for home rehabilitation. Fortunately, in the last 2 years the Romanian IT&C sector had the highest growing rhythm (45% per year) among the Central and Eastern
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EU countries (according with the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), www.eiu.com), the number of Internet connections increasing with 100% every year.
2. Secondly, each computer has to be equipped with the dedicated software for the particular rehabilitation program a certain patient follows. Even if this kind of software is very expensive (especially if we compare its prices with the Average Net Earnings in Romania – 302 Euros per month in May 2007), there are good chances for it to be designing by the Romanian IT specialists. In this area, Romania has not only the highest number of IT&C certified specialists at 1,000 inhabitants from Europe (higher than USA or Russia), but also they are worldwide recognized for their competence and skills.
3. Third, even for a pilot rehabilitation VN, the necessary investment funds are considerable. Until now, we had identified more possible financing sources for the initial investment in equipments: national and EU funds for R&D programs, Health Ministry’s budget, and cooperation with the (IT&C) business environment.
2.3 Extend the real hospitals’ offer vs Design a VN for home rehabilitation
Because the most important investment sources can be the public funds attracted through the Health Ministry’s budget, a fair question has to receive an answer here: why the Romanian government would want
to invest public money in developing a VHN? This question is more legitimate today when:
̇ among other medical fields, the rehabilitation systems is not a priority for the Romanian Government, so there are small chances to receive more money even to extend the in-patient system;
̇ lately, to reduce the number of hospitals beds for all the clinics, and to invest more in prevention activities is the Romanian Minister of Health’s medium run strategy. But this strategy requires a solid educational program which, for the moment, doesn’t exist in Romania.
In these hypotheses, an answer in cost/benefit terms is the most appropriate one and, as is results from Table 3, is the final argument in financing the design of the rehabilitation VN.
Table 3: In-patient vs Home rehabilitation system – cost analysis System Real/Estimated costs (Euro /
day / patient)
Computing method Classical
in-patient
From 26 (Targu-Mures Clinic) to 48 (INRMFB)
Real costs in May 2007 (source – Monthly Financial Reports)
Home rehabilitation within a VN
From 8 to 12 Salaries:
- 3 specialists (IT, MD and Physiotherapist) each day (16 hours) x (17.35$/hour1)) = 277.60$;
- 1 Professional Nurse every night (8 hours) x (13,48$/hour1)) = 107.84$
Total costs with salaries = 385.44$/day
Number of patients assisted through the VN: 64 (daily) + 8 (night) = 72 people
Average cost with work force = 5.35$/patient
Average total cost (including the equipments) = 5.35 x 2 = 10.7$ = 7.67 Euro/patient2)
Maximum average cost including special intervention at patient’s residence:
7.67 Euro + 4 Euro = 11.67 Euro/patient 1)
www.worldsalaries.org
2)
www.xe.com – July 16, 2007
Based on the above analysis we conclude that a VN for home rehabilitation is indeed a feasible solution for Romania’s healthcare system.