CONFIGURACIÓN CONSTITUCIONAL DEL ARBITRAJE
B) Evolución
Collins, Gail. America’s Women: 400 Years of Dolls, Drudges, Help-mates, and Heroines. New York: William Morrow, 2003. Collins’
book contains some very interesting stories about women and their roles in health care during the early days of America.
Drexler, Eric. Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology.
New York: Anchor Books, 1987. This is a dated book on nanotech-nology but Drexler is considered the “father of nanotechnanotech-nology,”
so it is helpful to anyone trying to understand the underpinnings of the field.
National Nanotechnology Initiative. Available online. URL: http://
www.nano.gov/. Accessed March 3, 2009. Another government-sponsored Web site, this one provides current information on developments in nanotechnology.
13 Note: Page numbers in italic refer italicitalic
to illustrations; m indicates a map; t indicates a table.
a
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). See HIV/AIDS Adams, Scott 141
Addressing Obesity through Commercial Health Plans 120–
121
adult (somatic) stem cells 72, 79 African Americans, syphilis study
96–98 aging 11, 123m agriculture 39–41
Agriculture, Department of 125–
126
AIDS. See HIV/AIDS amalgams 27, 29
American Academy of Pediatrics 93
American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association 132–133 American Physical Society 83 American Society for Microbiology
38
anencephaly 92–93 anesthesia, automated 138 animal-human diseases
climate change and 65–67 conservation medicine 61–64 HIV/AIDS 8, 50–51
human behavior and 47–48 influenza. See influenza SARS 48, 48–50, 49m antibodies 125, 132
antiviral medications (Tamiflu, Relenza) 58, 61
artificial hearts 139
asbestos 30–31, 33–36, 34, 35 asbestosis 33–34
aspirin 95–96
Associated Press (AP) 44 asthma 38, 40–41
bioengineered foods. See genetically altered foods
bird flu. See avian flu (H5N1) blastocysts. See embryos
(blastocysts)
Blue Cross and Blue Shield 105 blue mass pills 28
bone breaks 87 bovine tuberculosis 67
Brigham and Women’s Hospital 14–15, 16
Brown, Louise 18, 19–20 Burnham Institute for Medical
Research 123 Bush, George W. 30, 73 Buxtun, Peter 98
C
California, University of, Riverside 87
electromagnetic fields and 37–38 leading causes of death 118 lung cancer 36–37
nanotechnology 87 and obesity 120 quality of life issues 91 carbon nanotubes 87, 89 Carpenter, David 45 Catholic Church 18, 20, 93 Catholic Hospital Association of
Canada 98 cattle 67 CBS News 44
Center for Responsible Technology 88
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 3–9
current focus of 8–9
disease surveillance programs 4–5, 6, 7–8 swine flu false alarm (1976)
5–6, 55, 57
Tuskegee Syphilis Study 5, 98 U.S. surgeon general 9
China, SARS 48, 48–50 Chisso Corporation 26
chlorine manufacturing plants 30 cholera 61, 65
cholesterol 120 cinnabar 28
citizen scientists 136–137 Clean Air Act (2001) 30, 32 climate change 38–41, 65–67 Clinton, Bill 86, 106
cloning 76, 78–79
clothing, nanotechnology and 87 coal-fired power plants 30 colds 122–123, 123, 124m, 125 Columbia University 38
computers 141. See also Internet conflict of interest 91
conservation medicine 61–64 Crowford, Lester M. 128 cyberchondria 136
D
Defense, Department of 86 dentistry, mercury fillings 29 dialysis 14
dimethylmercury 27 disability benefits 105 disability rights advocates 95 doctor visits, virtual 134–135 Dolly (sheep) 78–79
Drexler, Eric 84, 88 drugs. See pharmaceuticals
e
Early Assessment of Programs and Policies to Prevent Childhood Obesity 120
East Africa, babesia 65 ebola 65–66, 66m Ecotoxicology 26 edible vaccines 137–138 Edinburgh, University of 79 Edmondson, Walter 97 Edwards, Robert 18, 19 electromagnetic fields 37, 37–38 elemental mercury 27
e-mail 134–135
embryonic stem cells 73, 79 embryos (blastocysts) 18–20, 71,
76
Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA) 92–93
Energy, Department of 86
Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology (Drexler) 84 Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) 25, 30, 32
environment and genetically altered foods 130
environment and health xiv asbestos 30–31, 33–36 heavy metals 23, 24 lead 30–33
medical waste 42–44 mercury 24–30 nanotechnology and 87 radon 36–37
Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) 8
epidemiology 3 ethics xiii–xiv, 90–101
Baby K 92–93 conflict of interest 91 good intentions and 95 hospital ethics boards 98–101 medical studies 95–96 nanotechnology 88 quality of life issues 91 Quinlan, Karen Ann 93–94 stem cells 73, 75–77 to treat or not to treat 90
Tuskegee Syphilis Study 5, 96–98
values in medical ethics 99–100 in vitro fertilization 18, 20 eyes. See vision
F
farmers markets 122 Feynman, Richard 83 fish 25–27
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 25, 125–126, 127 food-borne illnesses 125–127 food chains 26–27
food safety
food-borne illnesses 125–127 genetically altered foods 128–
131
importance of eating a wide variety of foods 131 irradiation 128 pesticides 126–127
preparation methods and 131 Foreign Quarantine Service 6 fullerenes (spherical carbon cages)
89
genetically altered foods 128–131, 137
genetic medicine
gene therapy 77, 80, 80 personalized medicine 80–82,
81
predictive medicine 82
Germany, health insurance plan 113 global ecophagy 88
global warming 38–41, 65–67 good intentions 95
xvi-160_HM-MedToday.indd 155 12/17/09 4:07:13 PM
green and grey goo 88
Guillain-Barré syndrome 6, 57
H
H1N1 flu. See swine flu (H1N1) H5N1. See avian flu (H5N1) Hamilton, Alice 32
hantavirus 7–8
Harvard Medical School 96, 123 Harvard University 32
Health and Human Services (HHS) 1, 8–9
health care, preventive. See preventive medicine Massachusetts health plan
111–112
Medicaid 106–107
Medicare 91, 105, 107, 111–112 in other countries 112–113 possible solutions 109–112 single payer system 111–
112
tax incentives 110 reform attempts 106 rising costs 103, 104, 105 uninsured people 102–103,
104, 108
universal health care 109 Health Insurance Portability and
Accountability Act (1996) 106, 115 health records xiv, 114, 114–116 Healthy Eating Active Living
Convergence Partnership (CP) 120
heart disease
leading causes of death 118 robotic surgery 21–22 Hebrew University 22 Heller, Jean 98
hemorrhagic viruses 65–66 Hennekens, Charles 96 hip replacement surgery 11 HIV/AIDS 8, 50–51
Hong Kong, SARS 48, 48–50 hospital ethics boards 98–101 Hufnagel, Charles 14
Hultin, Johan 63 Hume, David 15 hybridization 128, 130
I
immune system 14–16, 132 immunosuppressive drugs 16 Industrial Revolution 27, 33 influenza
antiviral medications (Tamiflu, Relenza) 58, 61
avian flu (H5N1) 51, 51–57, 52, 54m, 56, 62, 63
CDC weekly report 124 effects of 59
global warming and 38 mutation 55, 57, 125 prevention 122–125
Spanish flu (1918) 59, 62–63 swine flu (H1N1) 5–6, 39, 55,
57–59
vaccines and vaccination 6, 59, 60–61, 123, 126
influenza A viruses. See avian flu (H5N1); swine flu (H1N1) insect-borne diseases 38–39, 67
insurance. See health insurance Internet xiv
citizen scientists 136–137 cyberchondria 136
and health records 114–116 number of people using 135 virtual doctor visit 134–135 in vitro fertilization 17–20 irradiation 128
J
Jackson, Andrew 28 Japan 26–27, 113
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health 63
K
Kaiser Foundation 108 Kamrava, Michael 17 kidney transplants 13–16 knee replacement surgery 11 Korean War 8
l
Landsteiner, Karl 12 Langmuir, Alexander 3, 5 Larrey, Dominique-Jean 90
Lyme disease 38, 64, 66–67
M
malaria 3, 38–39, 64
Massachusetts health plan 111–112 Mayerson, Arlene 95
McCulloch, E. A. 70–71, 72
Medawar, Peter 13
Medicaid 105, 106–107, 110 Medicaid State Children’s Health
Insurance Program (SCHIP) 102–
103, 104, 107
medical records xiv, 114, 114–116 medical studies 95–96
medical waste 42–44
Medicare 91, 105, 107, 111–112 medications. See pharmaceuticals mental illness 11
mercurochrome 28–29 mercury
animal and plant levels of 25–26
forms and uses of 24–25, 27–30
Minimata (Japan) mercury poisoning 26–27
sources of mercury pollution 25, 30
methylmercury 26, 27
Mexico City H1N1 outbreak 58 Microsoft 136
migratory bird flyways 54m Minimata (Japan) mercury
poisoning 26–27 Morse, Stephen 38 Mountin, Joseph W. 3
n
nanobots 85, 86 nanoparticles 84, 89
nanotechnology and nanomedicine 83–89
anticipated uses 86–88 goals of 85–86
introduction of 83–85 risks 88–89
self-assembly of nanodevices 84–85
nanotubes 87
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) 86
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) 40–41 National Highway Safety
Administration 12
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) 10 National Institute of
Environmen-tal Health Sciences (NIEHS) 38, 40
National Institute of Standards and Technology 86
National Institutes of Health (NIH) 73, 86
National Resources Defense Council (NRDC) 29
National Science Foundation 86 National Wildlife Health Center
(NWHC) 64
Nebraska, University of 22 New York Times, The 61
o
Obama, Barack 30, 73, 106, 112 occupational illnesses 9, 9–10,
33–34
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) 9–10 organic foods 128
ozone layer 38
P
paint, lead used in 32–33 palliative care 92 parasites 66 Pasteur, Louis 61
Paterson, Michelle Paige 121–122 Peanut Corporation of America
126–127, 127
Pennsylvania State University 82 persistent vegetative state 93–94 personalized medicine 80–82, 81 Peruvian rain forests 64
pesticides 126–127
pharmaceuticals
in the environment 42, 42–44 heart disease 10
mental illness 11
mercury as medication 24–25, 28–29
personalized medications 80–82, 81
programmable pills 138 pharmacogenomics 81 Philadelphia water supply 44 Phoenix, Chris 88
Pittsburgh, University of 64 plague 66
pluripotent stem cells 71, 72 pollution. See environment and
health leading causes of death 117,
118, 119 Public Health Service 98
Q
Quinlan, Karen Ann 93–94
r
radon 36–37
red tides (red algae) 67 Reeve, Christopher 69 Relenza (Tamiflu, antiviral
medications) 58, 61
retinal chips 141 reverse genetics 60–61 Rift Valley fever 67 right to die 93–94
robotic surgery 20–22, 21, 139 rodents 66
Rohrer, Heinrich 83–84 Roman Empire 31
Roslin Institute (Edinburgh) 78 Ruckelshaus, William D. 32
S
SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) 48, 48–50, 49m SCHIP 102–103, 104, 107
sexually transmitted diseases 5, 6, 12, 96–98
Social Security Administration 105, 107
somatic (adult) stem cells 72, 79 Spanish flu (1918) 59, 62–63 spherical carbon cages (fullerenes)
89
Stanford University 87
State University of New York at Albany 45
static encephalopathy 94–95 stem cell lines 73
stem cells
controversy over 73, 75–77 cultivation 71, 74
Steptoe, Patrick 18, 19 Suleman, Nadya 17–18 surgeon general, U.S. 9 surgery
automated anesthesia 138 cardiac surgery 10
knee and hip replacements 11 lasers 139, 140
nanotechnology 86
robotic surgery 20–22, 21, 139
transplants 12–17 swine flu (H1N1)
false alarm (1976) 5–6, 55, 57 and global warming 39 spring 2009 outbreak 57–59 Switzerland, health insurance plan
113
syphilis 5, 96–98
T
Taiwan, health insurance plan 113 Tamiflu (antiviral medications) 58,
61
Taniguchi, Norio 83 Taubenberger, Jeffery 62–63 technology. See nanotechnology test tube babies 17–20, 19
Texas, University of, at Austin 140 therapeutic cloning 79
“There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” (Feynman) 83 thimerosal 29, 137
Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) 118–119
Thomson, James 71
tick-borne diseases 38–39, 64, 65, 66–67
Till, J. 70–71, 72 Time 95
Tokyo Science University 83 totipotent stem cells 71, 72, 79 toxic-shock syndrome 8
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transplants 12–17 Trust for America’s Health 58 tsetse fly 67
tuberculosis 67
Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine Center for Conservation Medicine 63–64 tuna 25–26
Tuskegee Syphilis Study 5, 96–98
u
Uniform Anatomical Gift Act (UAGA) 17
United Kingdom National Health Service 112–113
United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) 17
universal health care 109
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 64
V
vaccines and vaccination edible vaccines 137–138 influenza 6, 59, 60–61, 123, 126 mercury as preservative in 29,
137
values in medical ethics 99–100 venereal diseases. See sexually
transmitted diseases Veterans Administration 97 vision impairment 12, 140–142 Vladivostok (Russia) 43
w
Washington Star, The 98 weather extremes 38
Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) 65–67
Wildlife Trust 63 Wilmut, Ian 78–79
Wisconsin–Madison, University of 64
World Health Organization (WHO) 23, 53, 57
medical waste 43–44 World War I 62–63
y
yellow fever 38, 67
Z
zebrafish 82, 82 Zirm, Eduard 12