3. THE FUTURE EUROPE
3.1 The expectations of Europeans
3.1.3 Expectations as regards social welfare systems
- More than two-thirds of European are in favour of social welfare systems being harmonised within the European Union -
Questionnaire Source: QA15
In a context where, currently, each Member State has its own social welfare system, 62%
of interviewees are in favour of the harmonisation of these systems within the European Union
26; 28% are against the idea.
This desire for harmonisation in this area seems to be stronger in the ten new Member States (81%) compared with the fifteen old Member States (58%). It is particularly strong in Poland (86%, with 45% of Poles strongly in favour of the idea), Latvia (82%), Hungary (81%), Slovakia (80%) and Greece (80%, including 40% “strongly in favour”).
Finland is the only one of the 25 Member States where a majority of respondents are against the principle of harmonisation (50% compared with 47% who are in favour of the idea).
26
QA15. Today, each European Union Member State is responsible for its own social welfare system. To
what extent would you be in favour or opposed to the harmonisation of social welfare systems within the
European Union?
44
-Although the proportion of people in favour of such harmonisation is comfortable (62%), there are nevertheless significant differences from a socio-demographic point of view, in particular according to certain specific variables:
- Depending on the respondent’s age: 70% of young people aged between 15 and 24 are in favour of such harmonisation compared with 57% for the 55 and over age group (i.e. a difference of 13 points);
- Depending on the level of education: 67% of respondents who studied beyond the age of 20 are in favour of this, compared with 54% of respondents who studied the least;
- Depending on the size of the household: the bigger the household of the respondent, the more the respondent is in favour of the harmonisation of social welfare systems;
- Depending on the respondent’s opinion on membership of the European Union:
this is the only criterion for which a majority is against the principle of
harmonisation in this area. Thus, 50% of those who considered that their
country’s membership of the European Union is a bad thing are against such
harmonisation.
45
-Which two of the following would strengthen your feeling about being a European citizen? (EU25)
32%
A European social welfare system
A European Constitution Being able to vote in all elections organised in the Member State where
you live
A President of the European Union directly elected by Member State
citizens
None of these (SPONTANEOUS)
The replacement of national income tax by a European income tax I do not want to be a European citizen
(SPONTANEOUS)
A European Olympic team 3.2 Citizenship in Europe
3.2.1 What is the best way to strengthen European citizenship?
- A European social welfare system and a common Constitution are seen as the best ways of strengthening European citizenship -
Questionnaire Source: QA20
For almost a third of respondents, the harmonisation of social welfare systems, for which each Member State is currently responsible, would be a good way of strengthening European citizenship
27. This result echoes the fairly strong support among Europeans for the notion of harmonising these systems.
“A European Constitution” comes in second place (27%), ahead of the right to vote in all elections organised in the Member State where the respondent lives (21%). The direct election by Member State citizens of a President of the European Union was mentioned by a sixth of respondents (16% exactly) while the idea of the creation of a European income tax (to replace national income tax) was mentioned by only 11% of interviewees. At the other end of the scale, only 5% of respondents consider that the creation of a European Olympic team could help to strengthen the feeling of being a European citizen.
27
QA20. Which two of the following would strengthen your feeling about being a European citizen? (ROTATE
– MAX. 2 ANSWERS)
46
-The variations observed in the questions of the harmonisation of social protection systems within the European Union can be detected again. 52% of citizens in the new Member States consider that a European Social Protect System would strengthen their feeling of being European citizens whereas “only” 29% of citizens feel the same in the 15 old Member States (a gap of 23 points).
In detail, the ranking of answers at the European level varies significantly from one Member State to another. “A European constitution” is mentioned most often in 5 countries: Belgium (44%) but also in the Netherlands (37%) in spite of the majority having rejected the ratification of the text submitted in June 2005, in Estonia (35%) and in Germany (34%).
The right to vote in all elections seems to be perceived by most respondents as a way to strengthen the European identity in the following 5 Member States: in Denmark (50%), Ireland (45%), Luxembourg (45%), Malta (40%) and Sweden (38%).
It is interesting to note that a quarter of respondents in the United Kingdom spontaneously declare that they do not want to be European citizens.
It is worth mentioning that respondents’ opinion on membership of their country of the
European Union has a significant influence on the results: “A European Constitution” is
most often mentioned by citizens who assess that membership of their country is a good
thing (38% as opposed to the 12% who think that the membership to the European
Union is a bad thing).
47
-QA21. Which two of the following do you think are the best ways of ensuring one’s voice is heard by decision-makers?
56% Joining a political party Joining a demonstration
Joining a trade union Being a member of a consumer
association
Going on strike Being a member or supporter of an
NGO
Participate in debates using the Internet
3.2.2 What is the best way for citizens to ensure that their voice is heard in Europe?
- The traditional forms of representative democracy - Questionnaire Source: QA21
In the context of an almost general decline in voter turnout at European elections which, for some, is often see as a political representation crisis, it is important to examine the means available to citizens to ensure that their voice is heard by decision-makers. The results of this study show however that “voting in elections” is still, for the majority of European citizens (56%), the most appropriate way of ensuring that their voice is heard by decision-makers
28.
A second group of possible options follows some way behind, with between 10 and 15%
of citations: signing a petition (15%), joining a political party (13%) or joining a demonstration (10%). Citizens seem to find alternatives such as joining a consumer association, an NGO or a trade union less relevant (9%). Only 7% of respondents mentioned participating in debates on the Internet.
28
QA21. Which two of the following do you think are the best ways of ensuring one’s voice is heard by
decision-makers? (ROTATE – MAX. 2 ANSWERS)
48
-There are no significant differences in the ranking of the responses from one Member State to another. It is simply noteworthy that for the vast majority of Danish citizens (83%), “voting in elections” seems to be the best way of making their voice heard by decision-makers, while in Estonia (35%) and Lithuania (39%) this possibility is mentioned far less frequently. For 27% of Greeks (versus 15% on average), “signing a petition” is the best solution. For 19% of citizens in Slovakia, 17% of citizens in Greece and 14% of Polish citizens (compared with 8% on average), “going on strike” is a good way of making sure that their voice is heard. Estonia is an exception as regards the Internet with 28% of interviewees there mentioning “participating in debates using the Internet” as an effective solution.
From a socio-demographic point of view, there are no variations in the overall ranking of
responses. Only the intensity of replies differs slightly, but not sufficiently to be
considered as really discriminating.
49
-3.2.3 Willingness to participate in European consultations
- A constantly evolving participative democracy - Questionnaire Source: QA22.1 – QA22.2
In order to attempt to measure the degree of political mobilisation of citizens on European matters, interviewees were invited to indicate their willingness to participate in two distinct forms of consultation or expression
29: on the one hand, a European referendum on a European issue and, on the other hand, signing a European wide petition to tackle some issues at the European level rather than nationally. The second proposal referred directly to in the European Constitution known as the “citizens’ right of initiative”
30.
Before analysing the results in detail, it is necessary to emphasis that the aim of this question is not to predict a future turnout rate in such a referendum or any such petition.
In any case it alone would not be sufficient for that purpose. In addition, it remains limited, at least as regards the hypothesis of a European referendum, according to national laws currently in force. It is for this reason that we have intentionally chosen to present the results to this question, not according to the average score obtained, but solely on the basis of the responses giving a score of “10”. These are the respondents who are the most likely to participate in a referendum or sign a petition even though they are in a context which (at least for the time being) is completely extraneous to this type of hypothesis.
The first observation is that citizens seem to be more attracted by the idea of participating in European referenda organised on the same day in all European Union Member States than signing a petition at a European level to tackle problems at a European level rather than at a national one. Thus, almost a third of interviewees (31%) declared that they would definitely partake in such a referendum compared with 19% for a petition.
29
QA22. Using a scale from 1 to 10, how likely would you be to participate in the following? '1' means that you "would definitely not partake" and '10' means that you "would be very likely to partake".
1. Voting in referenda organised on the same day in all European Member States on European issues; 2.
Signing a European wide petition to tackle some issues at a European level rather than nationally
30Art.I-47.4 of the draft Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe.
50
-Danish citizens seem to be by far the most enthusiastic about the idea of organising such European consultations (73% declared that they would definitely participate), ahead of citizens in Sweden (55%) and Luxembourg (52%, in a country where voting is compulsory). The Netherlands (47%) and France (41%) follow with proportions that are considerably lower than the turnout rates recorded at the time of the two referenda on the Constitution which were organised in those two countries in 2005
31.
Citizens in Portugal (10%), Spain (14%) and Slovakia (16%) are the least motivated by this type of referendum.
31
The turnout rate for the referendum of 29 May 2005 in France was 69.4%; the rate was 62.7% for the
referendum held on 1
stJune in the Netherlands.
51
-The results for signing “a European petition” are far less pronounced: less than one out of five Europeans would definitely sign such a document (19%). Citizens in Denmark (23%) and Sweden (14%), despite the fact they are very positive about voting in a referendum on European issues, are more reticent as regards the possibility of signing a European wide petition. Citizens in Luxembourg (31%), Greece (31%) and Poland (26%) seem more attracted.
In general, the more the respondents have a positive perception of the EU membership, the more they are willing to participate in referenda or use the citizens’ right of initiative.
In the same way, the more the interviewees feel that things are going in the right
direction (in their country or in the European Union), the more they seem willing to
participate in this means of consultation or expression.
52
-3.3 Attitudes to globalisation
- “Globalisation” is seen as being first and foremost a “threat”-
Questionnaire Source: QA17
The future Europe will also be a Europe which is capable of responding to the concerns of a growing number of its citizens regarding the increasing globalisation of the economy.
This seems to be the message conveyed by a (relative) majority of Europeans: 47% of interviewees consider first and foremost that globalisation is a threat to employment and companies in their country (compared with 37% who see it as a good opportunity for companies in their country)
32.
Even if the results at the European level seem to be fairly divided, it is important to underline that this indicator has evolved negatively over time. This question was asked in a Flash Eurobarometer which covered the 15 Member States of the EU at that time
33. In October 2003, 56% of Europeans saw globalisation as “a good opportunity”. When the results are compared for the same geographical areas (Europe composed of the 15 old Member States), the percentage has fallen by 20 points on this
34.
32
QA17. Which of the following two propositions is the one which is closest to your opinion with regard to globalisation?
33
For more details on this study (conducted by telephone and not face-to-face) devoted specifically to the subject of globalisation see
http://europa.eu.int/comm/public_opinion/flash/FL151bGlobalisationRapportfin.pdf
3419 points if we take the European Union average at the time of the two surveys.
53
-Which of the following two propositions is the one which is closest to your opinion with regard to globalisation?
77
Globalisation represents a good opportunity for (NATIONALITY) companies thanks to the opening-up of markets Globalisation represents a threat to employment and companies in (OUR C OUNTRY)
Although a relative majority of interviewees in the 15 old Member States seem concerned by the consequences of globalisation (49%), the situation is almost the opposite in the new Member States: 42% of citizens from the ten new Member States have a positive perception of this phenomenon.
Only eleven of the twenty-five Member States see globalisation above all as an
opportunity for national companies. Danish citizens (77%) and Swedish citizens (54%)
are the most positive in their assessment of the consequences of globalisation. On the
other hand, the vast majority of French citizens (72%), Greeks (72% also) and Belgians
(64%) seem to be the most worried about globalisation.
54
-Which of the following two propositions is the one which is closest to your opinion with regard to globalisation? (EU25)
37
Young people aged from 15 to 24 seem to be far more optimistic than the older generations (45% versus 31% of people aged 55 and over) about the consequences of globalisation. There is also a positive correlation between the respondents having been in higher education and a positive attitude to globalisation. It is also noteworthy that people on the right of the political spectrum tend to be more positive about globalisation (44%) than those on the left (36%). The majority of those who consider that things are going in the right direction in their country (52%), also consider that globalisation is a good opportunity for their country’s economy. The exact opposite is true for people who consider that things are going in the wrong direction in their country. Regular Internet users are particularly divided on this issue: 46% see this process as a real opportunity for companies in their country, compared with 45% who consider that globalisation represents a threat to employment and companies in their country.
Finally, one respondent in two who thinks that European Union membership is a good
thing also considers that globalisation is a good opportunity. Only 18% share that opinion
among those who are against their country’s membership of the European Union.
55
-3.4 European enlargement
3.4.1 The perceived consequences of enlargement
- Opinions are divided about further enlargement - Questionnaire Source: QA18.1 – QA18.2 – QA18.3 – QA18.4
Overall, more than one out of two Europeans (55%) considers European Union enlargement as something positive
35. A third do not agree with that view. The responses obtained in the ten new Member States are significantly more positive (69%) than those recorded in the fifteen old Member States (53%)
An analysis of the results by country shows that only three countries have a majority of negative responses on this. Two of them joined the European Union in 1995, (that is to say before the latest wave of enlargement) and one of them is a founding member of the European Union. The three countries in question are Austria (52%), France (52% also) and Finland (50%).
35
QA18. Could you tell me to what extend you agree or disagree with each of the following statements.
1. Further European Union enlargement would increase problems on the (NATIONALITY) job market; 2. Due
to the enlargement of the European Union, many products have become cheaper; 3. Further European Union
enlargement improves the influence of the European Union in the world; 4. Overall, the enlargement of the
European Union is something positive
56
-The map above shows that the vast majority of citizens in Slovenia (76%) and Poland (72%) consider that the enlargement of the European Union is something positive. In the fifteen old Member States, citizens in Sweden are the most positive about enlargement (66%).
Otherwise, 61% of respondents agree with the statement that further enlargement of the EU improves its influence in the world. This opinion is expressed more frequently in the ten new Member States (72% versus 58% in the fifteen old Member States).
However, this initial positive assessment conceals certain fairly severe criticisms of the
consequences of enlargement, in particular as regards national job markets. Some
63% of interviewees consider that further enlargement of the European Union
would increase problems on their country’s job market. In these circumstances
and given in particular the importance that Europeans attach to the fight against
unemployment, this is a fear which the European Union must address. This concern is
particularly strong in Cyprus (82%), Germany (80%), Austria (75%) and France
(72%). It seems less to the fore in Poland (45%), Lithuania (45%) and the Czech
Republic (49%).
57
-Finally, only a minority of respondents are convinced of the argument that the enlargement of the European Union has resulted in a certain number of products becoming cheaper (34%, versus 57% who do not share this opinion). They are mainly to be found in Sweden (69%), Cyprus (55%) and Denmark (53%).
Once again, the most vulnerable categories (the elderly, people who left school early,
the lowest socio-professional categories and the unemployed) are those that express
the most forcefully their fears regarding further enlargement and who, logically, have
the most difficulty perceiving its benefits.
58
-When you hear discussions about further enlargement of the European Union, which of the following first comes to mind?
30%
3.4.2 The feelings aroused by further enlargement
- The feelings aroused by further enlargement tend to be positive - Questionnaire Source: QA19
Citizens often see their relationship with Europe in emotional terms, sometimes to the detriment of rational judgement. It is for this reason that we have attempted to understand what type of feelings the idea of further enlargement can inspire
36.
The feelings that emerge first from the list proposed to respondents are the positive ones: “hope” alone is mentioned by 30%. If we add the other positive feelings, namely
“satisfaction” (8%) and “excitement” (4%), positive feelings total 42%.
Nevertheless, more than a third of respondents (36%) have negative feelings when they hear discussions about further enlargement of the European Union: 15% are afraid, 12%
are annoyed and 9% are frustrated.
Finally, 17% of the people interviewed declared that the question of further enlargement leaves them “indifferent”.
36
QA19. When you hear discussions about further enlargement of the European Union, which of the
following first comes to mind?
59
-In confirmation of the previous results, citizens in Austria, France and Finland are the first to express negative feelings with regard to the prospect of further enlargement. Citizens in Germany and Luxembourg are not far behind with approximately a quarter of them expressing “fear” (23% and 29% respectively, versus 15% on average).
It should be noted that 23% of those who consider that their country’s membership of the European Union is a bad thing, expressed “fear” compared with 11% of those who declared that they are satisfied with their country’s membership. On the other hand, there is little difference between the feelings expressed according to whether or not the respondents have difficulties paying all their bills at the end of the month. In other words, opposition to further enlargement does not necessarily depend on the respondent’s financial situation.
60
-CONCLUSION
This Eurobarometer survey foreseen in Plan D for Democracy, Dialogue and Debate
37meant taking citizens’ pulse on the future of Europe. It is now important to prepare Europe’s future, to re-launch the debate and above all take onboard the expectations of European citizens.
From the point of view of contextual indicators, Europeans do not hesitate to express their happiness at the current time, both as regards their personal situation and professionally. However, at the same time, this happiness is etched with a certain pessimism, which is notably expressed in worries or fears about matters such as globalisation, further enlargement or the feeling that the wrong direction is being followed at the national level.
At this stage it is possible to detect an initial difference in the way citizens perceive the European and national situations: there is greater optimism about the direction in which things are going at the European level. In other words, there is a feeling that not everything has yet been tried at the European level, and is evident from the fact that a majority favour decision-making at the European level. The fact that citizens spontaneously associate the European Union with notions such as
“cooperation, unity, equality, common decisions and rules, legislation” shows to what extent it would appear to be a good idea to work together to find common solutions to the problems that affect all the Member States.
This survey shows that the European Union has a positive “image”. It is above all perceived as democratic, modern and protective. However, that does not prevent its main and loyal supporters from criticising its technocratic and to a certain extent inefficient character.
Although almost one in two respondents considers that membership of the European Union is positive the fact remains that certain criticisms are levelled at the lack of political and cultural integration at the European level.
If the objectives fixed by the founding fathers, namely peace and the Internal Market have been achieved and are recognised by Europeans as symbols of success of the European Union, Europe does not escape criticism. The criticisms expressed chiefly concern issues identified as essential by Europeans, in particular the fight against unemployment, the protection of social rights and economic growth.
In these specific areas, citizens consider that the European Union’s performance has been poor.
Europeans expect more Europe, in areas as wide-ranging as the economy, security, the environment or research and innovation.
For Europeans, the element which is perceived to be of most importance for the future of Europe is by far, comparable living standards, followed then by the introduction of the Euro in all Member States and a common Constitution. The elements perceived as strengthening the feeling of being European are a European social security system, a European Constitution or citizens’ right to vote in all elections in the Member State where they are resident.
37
Full text of Plan ‘D’ for Democracy, Dialogue and Debate is available at
http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/lex/LexUriServ/site/en/com/2005/com2005_0494en01.pdf
61
-To ensure that their voice is heard by decision-makers, European citizens still support the traditional forms of representative democracy. Indeed they seem to prefer these to other forms of participative democracy, however without rejecting the latter. However, a far from negligible proportion of citizens are keen on the idea of holding a true European referendum, organised on the same day in all the Member States, on a European issue.
In this Eurobarometer survey, Europeans simultaneously express both fears and
expectations with regard to Europe. A strong Europe and solidarity appear to be
increasingly necessary for guaranteeing the security (economic, social, internal)
challenges ahead. Its capacity to respond to expectations and to prepare Europeans for
what’s ahead is what the future of Europe depends upon.
63
-TECHNICAL NOTE
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER N° 251
“The future of Europe”
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
Between the 20
thof February 2006 and the 24
stof March 2006, TNS Opinion & Social, a consortium created between Taylor Nelson Sofres and EOS Gallup Europe, carried out wave 65.1 of the EUROBAROMETER, on request of the EUROPEAN COMMISSION, Directorate-General Press and Communication, Opinion Polls.
The SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER N° 251 is part of wave 65.1 and covers the population of the respective nationalities of the European Union Member States, resident in each of the Member States and aged 15 years and over. The basic sample design applied in all states is a multi-stage, random (probability) one.
In each country, a number of sampling points was drawn with probability proportional to population size (for a total coverage of the country) and to population density.
In order to do so, the sampling points were drawn systematically from each of the "administrative regional units", after stratification by individual unit and type of area. They thus represent the whole territory of the countries surveyed according to the EUROSTAT NUTS II (or equivalent) and according to the distribution of the resident population of the respective nationalities in terms of metropolitan, urban and rural areas. In each of the selected sampling points, a starting address was drawn, at random.
Further addresses (every Nth address) were selected by standard "random route" procedures, from the
initial address. In each household, the respondent was drawn, at random (following the "closest birthday
rule"). All interviews were conducted face-to-face in people's homes and in the appropriate national
language. As far as the data capture is concerned, CAPI (Computer Assisted Personal Interview) was
used in those countries where this technique was available.
For each country a comparison between the sample and the universe was carried out. The Universe description was derived from Eurostat population data or from national statistics offices. For all countries surveyed, a national weighting procedure, using marginal and intercellular weighting, was carried out based on this Universe description. In all countries, gender, age, region and size of locality were introduced in the iteration procedure. For international weighting (i.e. EU averages), TNS Opinion &
Social applies the official population figures as provided by EUROSTAT or national statistic offices. The total population figures for input in this post-weighting procedure are listed above.
Readers are reminded that survey results are estimations, the accuracy of which, everything being equal, rests upon the sample size and upon the observed percentage. With samples of about 1,000 interviews, the real percentages vary within the following confidence limits:
Observed percentages 10% or 90% 20% or 80% 30% or 70% 40% or 60% 50%
Confidence limits ± 1.9 points ± 2.5 points ± 2.7 points ± 3.0 points ± 3.1 points
ABBREVIATIONS COUNTRIES INSTITUTES N°INTERVIEWS FIELDWORKDATES POPULATION15+
BE Belgium TNS Dimarso 1.020 21/02/2006 18/03/2006 8.598.982 CZ Czech Rep. TNS Aisa 1.036 25/02/2006 13/03/2006 8.571.710 DK Denmark TNS Gallup DK 1.002 24/02/2006 23/03/2006 4.380.063 DE Germany TNS Infratest 1.526 24/02/2006 19/03/2006 64.174.295 EE Estonia Emor 1.005 01/03/2006 22/03/2006 887.094 EL Greece TNS ICAP 1.000 26/02/2006 24/03/2006 8.674.230 ES Spain TNS Demoscopia 1.009 20/02/2006 20/03/2006 35.882.820 FR France TNS Sofres 1.022 24/02/2006 20/03/2006 44.010.619 IE Ireland TNS MRBI 1.000 22/02/2006 23/03/2006 3.089.775 IT Italy TNS Abacus 1.003 22/02/2006 20/03/2006 49.208.000 CY Rep. of Cyprus Synovate 508 22/02/2006 19/03/2006 552.213 LV Latvia TNS Latvia 1.016 24/02/2006 20/03/2006 1.394.351 LT Lithuania TNS Gallup Lithuania 1.004 24/02/2006 19/03/2006 2.803.661 LU Luxembourg TNS ILReS 502 20/02/2006 16/03/2006 367.199 HU Hungary TNS Hungary 1.009 25/02/2006 15/03/2006 8.503.379 MT Malta MISCO 500 22/02/2006 18/03/2006 322.917 NL Netherlands TNS NIPO 1.062 27/02/2006 21/03/2006 13.242.328 AT Austria
Österreichisches
Gallup-Institute 1.041 23/02/2006 15/03/2006 6.679.444 PL Poland TNS OBOP 1.000 25/02/2006 19/03/2006 31.610.437 PT Portugal TNS EUROTESTE 1.011 20/02/2006 19/03/2006 8.080.915
SI Slovenia RM PLUS 1.055 22/02/2006 20/03/2006 1.663.869 SK Slovakia TNS AISA SK 1.092 24/02/2006 14/03/2006 4.316.438 FI Finland TNS Gallup Oy 1.004 23/02/2006 21/03/2006 4.279.286 SE Sweden TNS GALLUP 1.001 22/02/2006 19/03/2006 7.376.680 UK United Kingdom TNS UK 1.322 24/02/2006 23/03/2006 47.685.578 TOTAL 24.750 20/02/2006 24/03/2006 366.356.283
62
-ANNEXES
DK 1002 23% 46% 20% 11% 0%
Still Studying 2295 24% 45% 21% 9% 0%
Respondent occupation scale
Self- employed 2021 23% 42% 23% 12% 0%
Managers 2431 23% 47% 21% 8% 0%
Other white collars 2618 17% 48% 25% 10% 0%
Manual workers 5253 17% 42% 26% 15% 0%
House persons 2382 12% 39% 28% 20% 0%
Unemployed 1637 17% 41% 23% 18% 0%
Retired 6113 11% 36% 29% 23% 0%
Students 2295 24% 45% 21% 9% 0%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 18% 41% 25% 17% 0%
No 14058 16% 42% 26% 15% 0%
Membership EU
A good thing 12049 20% 45% 24% 12% 0%
A bad thing 3589 17% 39% 25% 19% 0%
Neither good nor bad 8020 13% 40% 29% 18% 0%
month months six months year
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 32% 7% 3% 2% 2% 3% 50% 1%
BE 1020 66% 27% 5% 2% 0% 0% 92% 7%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 44% 42% 10% 3% 1% 0% 86% 13%
(SPONTANEOUS)
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 25% 33% 12% 7% 23% 1% 57% 19%
UE25 EU25 12324 44% 41% 10% 4% 1% 0% 84% 14%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 4545 33% 45% 15% 6% 1% 0% 77% 21%
(SPONTANEOUS)
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 44% 43% 9% 3% 0% 0% 87% 12%
BE 1020 7% 17% 16% 50% 9% 0% 24% 67%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 34% 66% - - - - 100% -
TOTAL
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 18% 1% 0% 1% 3% 19% 4% 8% 1% 16% 7% 1% 1%
TOTAL
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 1% 9% 0% 2% 0% 0% 1% 0% 2% 1% 5% 3% 3% 7% 3%
TOTAL
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 7% 1% 4% 0% 1% 1% 0% 0% 1% 0% 0% 6% 11%
CZ 1036 19% 28% 52% - 48%
Still Studying 2295 14% 32% 55% 0% 45%
Respondent occupation scale
Self- employed 2021 18% 28% 54% 0% 46%
Managers 2431 26% 35% 39% 0% 61%
Other white collars 2618 14% 32% 54% 0% 46%
Manual workers 5253 11% 22% 67% 0% 33%
House persons 2382 9% 14% 76% 0% 23%
Unemployed 1637 9% 18% 73% - 27%
Retired 6113 10% 19% 72% 0% 28%
Students 2295 14% 32% 55% 0% 45%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 9% 18% 73% 0% 27%
UE25 EU25 24750 13% 10% 77% 0% 23%
Still Studying 2295 31% 23% 46% 0% 54%
Respondent occupation scale
Self- employed 2021 16% 12% 72% 0% 28%
Managers 2431 22% 17% 60% 0% 40%
Other white collars 2618 12% 13% 75% 0% 25%
Manual workers 5253 9% 8% 83% 0% 17%
House persons 2382 7% 7% 86% 0% 14%
Unemployed 1637 13% 9% 78% 0% 22%
Retired 6113 7% 5% 88% 0% 12%
Students 2295 31% 23% 46% 0% 54%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 9% 9% 82% 0% 18%
CZ 1036 19% 15% 66% 0% 33%
Still Studying 2295 32% 23% 44% 1% 55%
Respondent occupation scale
Self- employed 2021 31% 23% 46% 0% 54%
Managers 2431 42% 26% 32% 0% 68%
Other white collars 2618 26% 23% 51% 0% 49%
Manual workers 5253 23% 19% 57% 0% 42%
House persons 2382 14% 15% 71% 0% 29%
Unemployed 1637 21% 18% 61% 0% 39%
Retired 6113 16% 15% 69% 0% 31%
Students 2295 32% 23% 44% 1% 55%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 19% 17% 64% 0% 36%
No 14058 27% 21% 52% 0% 48%
Membership EU
A good thing 12049 30% 22% 48% 0% 52%
A bad thing 3589 19% 18% 62% 1% 37%
Neither good nor bad 8020 19% 16% 64% 0% 36%
UE25 EU25 24750 22% 50% 28% 0%
Female 12811 17% 49% 33% 0%
Age
Still Studying 2295 16% 50% 33% 0%
Respondent occupation scale
Self- employed 2021 30% 50% 19% 0%
Managers 2431 37% 52% 11% 0%
Other white collars 2618 22% 57% 21% 0%
Manual workers 5253 18% 52% 30% 0%
House persons 2382 11% 48% 40% 0%
Unemployed 1637 17% 47% 36% 0%
Retired 6113 23% 46% 31% 0%
Students 2295 16% 50% 33% 0%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 19% 49% 32% 0%
No 14058 24% 52% 24% 0%
Membership EU
A good thing 12049 26% 53% 21% 0%
A bad thing 3589 25% 44% 30% 0%
Neither good nor bad 8020 16% 50% 34% 0%
CZ 1036 9% 59% 32% 0%
Still Studying 2295 8% 46% 46% 0%
Respondent occupation scale
Self- employed 2021 15% 54% 31% 0%
Managers 2431 20% 60% 19% 0%
Other white collars 2618 10% 56% 33% 0%
Manual workers 5253 9% 46% 44% 0%
House persons 2382 6% 38% 55% 0%
Unemployed 1637 9% 43% 47% 1%
Retired 6113 12% 45% 42% 1%
Students 2295 8% 46% 46% 0%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 10% 44% 45% 1%
No 14058 13% 51% 36% 0%
Membership EU
A good thing 12049 14% 53% 33% 0%
A bad thing 3589 13% 44% 42% 1%
Neither good nor bad 8020 7% 45% 47% 0%
CZ 1036 44% 11% 43% 2%
Female 12811 44% 14% 36% 6%
Age
Still Studying 2295 67% 5% 26% 2%
Respondent occupation scale
Self- employed 2021 56% 13% 28% 3%
Managers 2431 63% 9% 26% 2%
Other white collars 2618 54% 12% 31% 2%
Manual workers 5253 44% 16% 36% 4%
House persons 2382 40% 14% 37% 8%
Unemployed 1637 41% 16% 39% 5%
Retired 6113 41% 20% 33% 6%
Students 2295 67% 5% 26% 2%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 41% 17% 36% 6%
BE 1020 65% 27% 6% 2%
Still Studying 2295 59% 31% 5% 6%
Respondent occupation scale
Self- employed 2021 50% 40% 6% 3%
Managers 2431 52% 37% 7% 4%
Other white collars 2618 49% 39% 7% 4%
Manual workers 5253 52% 38% 5% 4%
House persons 2382 50% 31% 9% 9%
Unemployed 1637 56% 34% 5% 5%
Retired 6113 49% 38% 6% 8%
Students 2295 59% 31% 5% 6%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 53% 36% 5% 7%
No 14058 50% 38% 7% 5%
Membership EU
A good thing 12049 63% 28% 6% 4%
A bad thing 3589 28% 62% 6% 4%
Neither good nor bad 8020 47% 40% 7% 6%
level level (SPONTANEOUS)
Still Studying 2295 66% 22% 6% 6%
Respondent occupation scale
Self- employed 2021 59% 33% 6% 3%
Managers 2431 58% 32% 7% 3%
Other white collars 2618 57% 32% 7% 4%
Manual workers 5253 55% 34% 6% 5%
House persons 2382 54% 27% 10% 9%
Unemployed 1637 58% 29% 5% 7%
Retired 6113 49% 35% 7% 8%
Students 2295 66% 22% 6% 6%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 57% 31% 6% 7%
No 14058 54% 33% 8% 5%
Membership EU
A good thing 12049 68% 23% 6% 4%
A bad thing 3589 30% 58% 7% 4%
Neither good nor bad 8020 51% 35% 8% 7%
BE 1020 72% 18% 8% 2%
Still Studying 2295 66% 21% 6% 7%
Respondent occupation scale
Self- employed 2021 61% 31% 5% 3%
Managers 2431 63% 28% 7% 3%
Other white collars 2618 63% 27% 5% 5%
Manual workers 5253 61% 29% 5% 5%
House persons 2382 53% 26% 9% 11%
Unemployed 1637 63% 26% 4% 7%
Retired 6113 55% 31% 6% 9%
Students 2295 66% 21% 6% 7%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 60% 28% 5% 7%
No 14058 59% 29% 7% 5%
Membership EU
A good thing 12049 73% 18% 5% 4%
A bad thing 3589 32% 56% 7% 5%
Neither good nor bad 8020 56% 31% 6% 7%
level level (SPONTANEOUS)
Still Studying 2295 77% 14% 4% 5%
Respondent occupation scale
Self- employed 2021 77% 18% 3% 2%
Managers 2431 82% 13% 4% 1%
Other white collars 2618 77% 15% 5% 4%
Manual workers 5253 75% 18% 4% 3%
House persons 2382 67% 17% 8% 8%
Unemployed 1637 76% 15% 5% 4%
Retired 6113 72% 18% 4% 6%
Students 2295 77% 14% 4% 5%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 72% 18% 5% 5%
No 14058 77% 15% 4% 4%
Membership EU
A good thing 12049 84% 11% 3% 2%
A bad thing 3589 57% 33% 6% 3%
Neither good nor bad 8020 73% 17% 5% 5%
BE 1020 88% 7% 4% 1%
Still Studying 2295 84% 8% 4% 4%
Respondent occupation scale
Self- employed 2021 81% 14% 3% 2%
Managers 2431 86% 9% 4% 1%
Other white collars 2618 81% 10% 5% 4%
Manual workers 5253 81% 12% 4% 3%
House persons 2382 71% 14% 7% 8%
Unemployed 1637 83% 10% 4% 3%
Retired 6113 77% 13% 5% 6%
Students 2295 84% 8% 4% 4%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 78% 14% 4% 5%
No 14058 81% 11% 5% 3%
Membership EU
A good thing 12049 88% 7% 3% 2%
A bad thing 3589 63% 28% 5% 3%
Neither good nor bad 8020 78% 12% 5% 5%
level level (SPONTANEOUS)
Still Studying 2295 71% 20% 5% 5%
Respondent occupation scale
Self- employed 2021 65% 27% 6% 2%
Managers 2431 68% 23% 6% 2%
Other white collars 2618 69% 21% 6% 3%
Manual workers 5253 68% 22% 6% 4%
House persons 2382 62% 22% 9% 8%
Unemployed 1637 70% 21% 5% 4%
Retired 6113 61% 26% 6% 7%
Students 2295 71% 20% 5% 5%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 66% 23% 5% 5%
No 14058 65% 23% 7% 4%
Membership EU
A good thing 12049 75% 17% 5% 3%
A bad thing 3589 46% 44% 7% 3%
Neither good nor bad 8020 63% 24% 7% 6%
BE 1020 82% 12% 6% 1%
Still Studying 2295 75% 17% 4% 4%
Respondent occupation scale
Self- employed 2021 73% 20% 5% 2%
Managers 2431 79% 13% 6% 2%
Other white collars 2618 75% 15% 6% 3%
Manual workers 5253 73% 19% 5% 3%
House persons 2382 67% 18% 7% 9%
Unemployed 1637 74% 17% 5% 3%
Retired 6113 67% 21% 6% 7%
Students 2295 75% 17% 4% 4%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 71% 19% 5% 5%
No 14058 73% 18% 6% 4%
Membership EU
A good thing 12049 82% 12% 5% 2%
A bad thing 3589 53% 37% 7% 3%
Neither good nor bad 8020 69% 20% 6% 5%
level level (SPONTANEOUS)
Still Studying 2295 75% 15% 5% 4%
Respondent occupation scale
Self- employed 2021 70% 22% 6% 2%
Managers 2431 75% 15% 7% 2%
Other white collars 2618 72% 18% 6% 4%
Manual workers 5253 72% 20% 5% 4%
House persons 2382 63% 21% 8% 8%
Unemployed 1637 75% 17% 4% 4%
Retired 6113 65% 22% 6% 7%
Students 2295 75% 15% 5% 4%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 70% 20% 5% 5%
No 14058 70% 19% 7% 4%
Membership EU
A good thing 12049 78% 14% 5% 3%
A bad thing 3589 51% 38% 7% 4%
Neither good nor bad 8020 69% 20% 6% 5%
BE 1020 80% 9% 10% 1%
Still Studying 2295 71% 16% 8% 4%
Respondent occupation scale
Self- employed 2021 66% 22% 9% 2%
Managers 2431 67% 18% 12% 3%
Other white collars 2618 69% 19% 9% 3%
Manual workers 5253 66% 21% 9% 4%
House persons 2382 61% 19% 11% 9%
Unemployed 1637 70% 16% 8% 5%
Retired 6113 59% 22% 11% 7%
Students 2295 71% 16% 8% 4%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 65% 21% 8% 6%
No 14058 65% 20% 11% 4%
Membership EU
A good thing 12049 75% 14% 9% 3%
A bad thing 3589 46% 39% 10% 4%
Neither good nor bad 8020 62% 20% 11% 6%
level level (SPONTANEOUS)
Still Studying 2295 58% 27% 7% 7%
Respondent occupation scale
Self- employed 2021 58% 34% 5% 4%
Managers 2431 55% 34% 8% 3%
Other white collars 2618 56% 31% 7% 6%
Manual workers 5253 58% 30% 6% 6%
House persons 2382 53% 27% 9% 12%
Unemployed 1637 61% 28% 5% 6%
Retired 6113 56% 31% 6% 8%
Students 2295 58% 27% 7% 7%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 58% 29% 6% 8%
No 14058 56% 32% 7% 6%
Membership EU
A good thing 12049 65% 24% 6% 5%
A bad thing 3589 36% 54% 6% 4%
Neither good nor bad 8020 55% 31% 7% 7%
BE 1020 87% 7% 5% 1%
Still Studying 2295 83% 9% 4% 4%
Respondent occupation scale
Self- employed 2021 78% 15% 5% 2%
Managers 2431 82% 9% 8% 2%
Other white collars 2618 80% 11% 7% 3%
Manual workers 5253 78% 14% 5% 4%
House persons 2382 70% 13% 8% 9%
Unemployed 1637 79% 11% 6% 4%
Retired 6113 74% 13% 5% 7%
Students 2295 83% 9% 4% 4%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 75% 14% 5% 6%
No 14058 78% 12% 6% 4%
Membership EU
A good thing 12049 86% 7% 5% 2%
A bad thing 3589 59% 30% 6% 4%
Neither good nor bad 8020 75% 12% 7% 6%
level level (SPONTANEOUS)
Still Studying 2295 79% 11% 4% 6%
Respondent occupation scale
Self- employed 2021 78% 16% 3% 3%
Managers 2431 81% 10% 6% 3%
Other white collars 2618 79% 10% 6% 4%
Manual workers 5253 73% 16% 6% 5%
House persons 2382 64% 14% 9% 13%
Unemployed 1637 74% 15% 5% 6%
Retired 6113 71% 14% 5% 10%
Students 2295 79% 11% 4% 6%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 72% 15% 5% 8%
No 14058 76% 13% 6% 6%
Membership EU
A good thing 12049 83% 9% 5% 4%
A bad thing 3589 57% 31% 6% 6%
Neither good nor bad 8020 72% 13% 6% 8%
BE 1020 79% 11% 8% 2%
Still Studying 2295 73% 15% 5% 8%
Respondent occupation scale
Self- employed 2021 71% 20% 5% 4%
Managers 2431 78% 13% 5% 3%
Other white collars 2618 73% 15% 7% 5%
Manual workers 5253 70% 18% 6% 6%
House persons 2382 62% 17% 8% 13%
Unemployed 1637 70% 19% 5% 6%
Retired 6113 65% 20% 6% 9%
Students 2295 73% 15% 5% 8%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 69% 18% 5% 8%
No 14058 70% 18% 6% 6%
Membership EU
A good thing 12049 78% 12% 5% 5%
A bad thing 3589 51% 37% 7% 5%
Neither good nor bad 8020 68% 17% 7% 8%
TOTAL Describes very well Describes fairly well Describes fairly badly Describes very badly DK Describes well Describes badly
Other white collars 2618 15% 52% 23% 5% 5% 67% 28%
Manual workers 5253 13% 53% 21% 4% 9% 66% 25%
House persons 2382 12% 54% 15% 4% 14% 67% 19%
Unemployed 1637 15% 52% 19% 5% 9% 66% 24%
Retired 6113 12% 50% 19% 5% 14% 62% 24%
Students 2295 19% 62% 14% 2% 4% 80% 16%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 15% 51% 20% 5% 10% 66% 24%
24750 16% 52% 19% 5% 9% 67% 24%
Other white collars 2618 17% 53% 21% 4% 5% 70% 25%
Manual workers 5253 14% 51% 21% 5% 8% 66% 26%
House persons 2382 13% 52% 16% 5% 15% 65% 21%
Unemployed 1637 14% 49% 21% 5% 11% 63% 26%
Retired 6113 12% 49% 20% 6% 12% 61% 26%
Students 2295 23% 57% 14% 1% 5% 80% 15%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 15% 51% 20% 5% 10% 65% 25%
TOTAL Describes very well Describes fairly well Describes fairly badly Describes very badly DK Describes well Describes badly
Manual workers 5253 10% 42% 29% 6% 12% 52% 36%
House persons 2382 9% 38% 26% 8% 19% 47% 34%
Unemployed 1637 10% 42% 27% 8% 12% 53% 36%
Retired 6113 9% 39% 28% 7% 17% 47% 36%
Students 2295 16% 50% 23% 3% 8% 66% 26%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 10% 41% 28% 8% 14% 51% 36%
24750 12% 31% 33% 8% 15% 43% 42%
Self- employed 2021 13% 33% 34% 10% 10% 46% 44%
Managers 2431 15% 36% 33% 9% 7% 51% 42%
Other white collars 2618 13% 33% 37% 8% 8% 46% 46%
Manual workers 5253 12% 31% 34% 8% 16% 43% 42%
House persons 2382 9% 29% 30% 9% 23% 38% 39%
Unemployed 1637 11% 34% 31% 8% 16% 46% 38%
Retired 6113 13% 29% 30% 7% 20% 43% 37%
Students 2295 7% 27% 44% 9% 12% 35% 53%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 11% 31% 33% 7% 17% 43% 40%
TOTAL Describes very well Describes fairly well Describes fairly badly Describes very badly DK Describes well Describes badly
Still Studying 2295 11% 38% 19% 4% 28% 49% 23%
Respondent occupation scale
Self- employed 2021 18% 40% 19% 5% 19% 57% 23%
Managers 2431 20% 41% 21% 3% 14% 62% 24%
Other white collars 2618 15% 41% 18% 3% 23% 56% 21%
Manual workers 5253 12% 34% 19% 4% 31% 46% 23%
House persons 2382 9% 31% 15% 4% 41% 40% 18%
Unemployed 1637 15% 32% 16% 4% 32% 47% 21%
Retired 6113 14% 31% 16% 4% 36% 45% 19%
Students 2295 11% 38% 19% 4% 28% 49% 23%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 13% 32% 18% 4% 32% 46% 22%
BE 1020 12% 49% 34% 3% 2%
Still Studying 2295 12% 54% 22% 3% 9%
Respondent occupation scale
Self- employed 2021 10% 49% 32% 5% 4%
Managers 2431 16% 53% 26% 2% 3%
Other white collars 2618 10% 49% 32% 4% 6%
Manual workers 5253 8% 44% 35% 6% 8%
House persons 2382 7% 37% 32% 6% 18%
Unemployed 1637 10% 41% 33% 6% 10%
Retired 6113 8% 38% 35% 7% 12%
Students 2295 12% 54% 22% 3% 9%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 9% 39% 34% 6% 11%
achieved so far so far far
Still Studying 2295 10% 47% 29% 3% 12%
Respondent occupation scale
Self- employed 2021 7% 42% 37% 7% 5%
Managers 2431 8% 43% 40% 5% 4%
Other white collars 2618 6% 39% 42% 6% 6%
Manual workers 5253 7% 36% 40% 7% 10%
House persons 2382 6% 34% 34% 6% 20%
Unemployed 1637 7% 37% 37% 7% 11%
Retired 6113 6% 33% 38% 9% 14%
Students 2295 10% 47% 29% 3% 12%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 7% 34% 39% 8% 13%
BE 1020 8% 50% 35% 3% 5%
Still Studying 2295 14% 44% 28% 3% 11%
Respondent occupation scale
Self- employed 2021 10% 46% 30% 6% 9%
Managers 2431 12% 47% 32% 3% 6%
Other white collars 2618 11% 47% 29% 5% 8%
Manual workers 5253 8% 41% 33% 7% 12%
House persons 2382 8% 39% 29% 5% 20%
Unemployed 1637 8% 41% 32% 5% 13%
Retired 6113 7% 41% 29% 6% 17%
Students 2295 14% 44% 28% 3% 11%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 9% 40% 30% 6% 15%
of the EU EU countries
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 24% 18% 20% 51% 9% 22% 5% 1% 6%
UE25 EU25 24750 43% 29% 10% 6% 3% 5% 0% 4%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 41% 28% 10% 7% 3% 6% 0% 5%
the EU and services within
the EU as ERASMUS Agricultural Policy (SPONTANEOUS) (SPONTANEOUS)
UE25 EU25 22426 20% 30% 18% 14% 8% 6% 0% 4%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 8016 19% 29% 16% 14% 9% 7% 0% 5%
UE25 EU25 24750 60% 56% 27% 18% 11% 10% 1% 4%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 59% 54% 24% 19% 11% 12% 1% 5%
TOTAL Not at all
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 21% 11% 15% 13% 16% 8% 5% 2% 1% 1% 6% 3,6
satisfactory satisfactory
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 10% 8% 12% 13% 20% 13% 9% 5% 1% 1% 8% 4,5
TOTAL Not at all
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 7% 4% 9% 9% 19% 14% 14% 10% 3% 3% 7% 5,3
satisfactory satisfactory
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 10% 6% 11% 13% 21% 14% 10% 5% 1% 1% 8% 4,6
TOTAL Not at all
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 8% 6% 9% 11% 18% 15% 12% 9% 3% 2% 7% 5,1
satisfactory satisfactory
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 8% 5% 8% 11% 17% 14% 14% 10% 4% 3% 6% 5,3
TOTAL Not at all
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 7% 5% 8% 9% 20% 15% 13% 9% 4% 3% 6% 5,3
satisfactory satisfactory
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 7% 5% 9% 10% 20% 16% 13% 8% 3% 2% 7% 5,2
TOTAL Not at all
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 7% 5% 9% 11% 20% 16% 14% 8% 3% 2% 8% 5,2
satisfactory satisfactory
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 6% 5% 8% 9% 20% 15% 12% 9% 4% 3% 7% 5,4
TOTAL Not at all
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 8% 7% 9% 11% 19% 14% 11% 6% 2% 2% 10% 4,9
satisfactory satisfactory
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 10% 7% 10% 10% 18% 14% 12% 7% 3% 3% 7% 4,9
TOTAL Not at all
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 6% 4% 8% 9% 19% 16% 14% 11% 4% 2% 7% 5,4
satisfactory satisfactory
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 4% 3% 7% 8% 19% 16% 15% 9% 3% 2% 14% 5,6
TOTAL Not at all
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 6% 4% 8% 10% 19% 15% 12% 8% 2% 2% 13% 5,3
BE 1020 38% 37% 24% 1%
Female 12811 31% 44% 21% 4%
Age
Still Studying 2295 43% 34% 19% 4%
Respondent occupation scale
Self- employed 2021 36% 40% 21% 2%
Managers 2431 41% 39% 17% 3%
Other white collars 2618 33% 46% 19% 2%
Manual workers 5253 31% 46% 20% 3%
House persons 2382 30% 44% 22% 4%
Unemployed 1637 30% 48% 19% 3%
Retired 6113 31% 43% 22% 4%
Students 2295 43% 34% 19% 4%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 27% 49% 21% 3%
No 14058 38% 40% 19% 3%
Membership EU
A good thing 12049 48% 32% 18% 2%
A bad thing 3589 13% 70% 14% 3%
Neither good nor bad 8020 24% 47% 27% 3%
direction direction (SPONTANEOUS)
UE25 EU25 24750 39% 27% 23% 11%
BE 1020 44% 29% 24% 2%
Female 12811 35% 27% 25% 13%
Age
Still Studying 2295 55% 16% 20% 9%
Respondent occupation scale
Self- employed 2021 43% 26% 25% 6%
Managers 2431 47% 26% 21% 6%
Other white collars 2618 41% 27% 24% 8%
Manual workers 5253 36% 31% 23% 10%
House persons 2382 31% 28% 25% 16%
Unemployed 1637 37% 30% 23% 11%
Retired 6113 33% 29% 24% 14%
Students 2295 55% 16% 20% 9%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 34% 31% 24% 11%
No 14058 41% 27% 23% 10%
Membership EU
A good thing 12049 58% 15% 21% 7%
A bad thing 3589 11% 63% 17% 9%
Neither good nor bad 8020 26% 31% 31% 12%
CZ 1036 26% 46% 15% 6% 7% 72% 21%
Other white collars 2618 19% 45% 19% 10% 7% 64% 29%
Manual workers 5253 20% 41% 20% 12% 8% 60% 31%
House persons 2382 17% 40% 20% 7% 17% 56% 27%
Unemployed 1637 23% 42% 18% 7% 10% 65% 25%
Retired 6113 21% 37% 17% 12% 12% 58% 30%
Students 2295 22% 50% 15% 6% 8% 72% 20%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 22% 40% 17% 9% 12% 63% 26%
TOTAL Totally agree Tend to agree Tend to disagree Totally disagree DK Agree Disagree
Still Studying 1438 19% 31% 26% 8% 16% 49% 34%
Respondent occupation scale
Self- employed 1474 24% 32% 23% 14% 7% 56% 37%
Managers 1523 25% 32% 24% 12% 8% 56% 36%
Other white collars 1824 20% 34% 26% 11% 9% 54% 36%
Manual workers 3577 18% 31% 24% 14% 14% 49% 38%
House persons 1951 15% 25% 22% 10% 26% 41% 33%
Unemployed 965 19% 29% 24% 15% 13% 48% 39%
Retired 3888 15% 27% 24% 15% 19% 42% 39%
Students 1438 19% 31% 26% 8% 16% 49% 34%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 6427 18% 32% 22% 12% 16% 50% 34%
16640 13% 25% 29% 16% 17% 38% 45%
Still Studying 1438 11% 31% 26% 12% 21% 41% 38%
Respondent occupation scale
Self- employed 1474 18% 28% 27% 16% 11% 46% 43%
Managers 1523 16% 25% 35% 14% 11% 41% 48%
Other white collars 1824 13% 30% 28% 16% 12% 43% 44%
Manual workers 3577 13% 26% 29% 17% 15% 39% 47%
House persons 1951 11% 21% 29% 13% 27% 31% 42%
Unemployed 965 14% 21% 30% 19% 15% 35% 49%
Retired 3888 11% 23% 28% 18% 20% 34% 46%
Students 1438 11% 31% 26% 12% 21% 41% 38%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 6427 14% 27% 26% 14% 19% 40% 41%
TOTAL Totally agree Tend to agree Tend to disagree Totally disagree DK Agree Disagree
Still Studying 1438 9% 23% 38% 16% 15% 32% 54%
Respondent occupation scale
Self- employed 1474 13% 26% 34% 18% 10% 39% 52%
Managers 1523 8% 23% 42% 18% 9% 31% 59%
Other white collars 1824 11% 28% 38% 13% 10% 39% 51%
Manual workers 3577 14% 29% 31% 11% 16% 42% 42%
House persons 1951 13% 26% 25% 10% 27% 39% 35%
Unemployed 965 15% 26% 29% 14% 16% 41% 43%
Retired 3888 13% 27% 27% 13% 20% 39% 40%
Students 1438 9% 23% 38% 16% 15% 32% 54%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 6427 14% 29% 28% 11% 18% 43% 39%
8109 18% 31% 22% 13% 16% 49% 35%
Other white collars 794 15% 34% 26% 15% 10% 49% 41%
Manual workers 1676 17% 31% 22% 15% 15% 48% 37%
House persons 430 21% 30% 17% 12% 20% 51% 29%
Unemployed 672 21% 31% 18% 10% 21% 52% 27%
Retired 2224 18% 26% 20% 13% 23% 44% 33%
Students 856 17% 36% 24% 9% 13% 53% 33%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 2623 20% 29% 21% 13% 18% 49% 34%
TOTAL Totally agree Tend to agree Tend to disagree Totally disagree DK Agree Disagree
Other white collars 794 11% 28% 29% 13% 19% 39% 42%
Manual workers 1676 13% 30% 25% 13% 19% 43% 38%
House persons 430 16% 28% 14% 12% 30% 43% 27%
Unemployed 672 16% 29% 17% 7% 31% 45% 24%
Retired 2224 13% 24% 20% 14% 28% 38% 34%
Students 856 13% 37% 22% 9% 19% 50% 31%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 2623 15% 30% 21% 11% 24% 45% 32%
8109 11% 29% 29% 12% 20% 40% 41%
Still Studying 856 10% 33% 29% 14% 15% 42% 43%
Respondent occupation scale
Self- employed 547 9% 32% 26% 15% 18% 40% 42%
Managers 909 9% 30% 38% 14% 9% 39% 52%
Other white collars 794 11% 28% 34% 11% 16% 39% 45%
Manual workers 1676 13% 30% 30% 11% 16% 44% 40%
House persons 430 15% 24% 27% 7% 26% 39% 35%
Unemployed 672 12% 29% 24% 8% 27% 41% 32%
Retired 2224 10% 25% 25% 12% 28% 35% 37%
Students 856 10% 33% 29% 14% 15% 42% 43%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 2623 11% 28% 28% 11% 21% 40% 39%
the opening-up of markets COUNTRY)
UE25 EU25 24750 37% 47% 16%
BE 1020 33% 64% 3%
Male 11939 40% 48% 12%
Female 12811 34% 46% 20%
Age
16-19 10022 35% 51% 15%
20+ 6130 46% 44% 9%
Still Studying 2295 49% 39% 11%
Respondent occupation scale
Self- employed 2021 43% 45% 12%
Managers 2431 48% 44% 8%
Other white collars 2618 39% 49% 11%
Manual workers 5253 34% 51% 14%
House persons 2382 30% 45% 25%
Unemployed 1637 35% 48% 17%
Retired 6113 30% 48% 22%
Students 2295 49% 39% 11%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 31% 51% 19%
No 14058 41% 45% 14%
Membership EU
A good thing 12049 50% 37% 12%
A bad thing 3589 18% 66% 16%
Neither good nor bad 8020 28% 55% 17%
1020 31% 43% 20% 5% 1% 74% 25%
Other white collars 2618 27% 35% 26% 6% 6% 62% 32%
Manual workers 5253 32% 34% 20% 5% 9% 66% 25%
House persons 2382 26% 35% 18% 5% 16% 61% 23%
Unemployed 1637 31% 34% 19% 7% 9% 65% 26%
Retired 6113 33% 33% 16% 6% 12% 66% 22%
Students 2295 18% 34% 31% 9% 9% 52% 40%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 29% 35% 21% 5% 11% 63% 26%
UE25 EU25 24750 7% 26% 35% 22% 10% 34% 57%
Still Studying 2295 8% 32% 34% 16% 10% 40% 50%
Respondent occupation scale
Self- employed 2021 9% 30% 34% 21% 6% 39% 55%
Managers 2431 8% 29% 41% 17% 6% 37% 58%
Other white collars 2618 7% 27% 37% 22% 6% 35% 59%
Manual workers 5253 7% 25% 35% 23% 9% 33% 59%
House persons 2382 5% 24% 32% 23% 16% 29% 55%
Unemployed 1637 6% 27% 34% 23% 10% 33% 57%
Retired 6113 7% 24% 33% 25% 12% 31% 57%
Students 2295 8% 32% 34% 16% 10% 40% 50%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 7% 26% 34% 23% 10% 33% 57%
1020 24% 49% 17% 6% 3% 74% 24%
Still Studying 2295 21% 50% 15% 4% 10% 71% 19%
Respondent occupation scale
Self- employed 2021 19% 46% 20% 8% 7% 65% 28%
Managers 2431 22% 46% 21% 6% 5% 68% 27%
Other white collars 2618 18% 47% 20% 7% 8% 65% 27%
Manual workers 5253 16% 45% 20% 8% 12% 60% 28%
House persons 2382 13% 40% 17% 8% 22% 53% 25%
Unemployed 1637 17% 43% 18% 9% 13% 60% 27%
Retired 6113 15% 39% 21% 9% 16% 54% 30%
Students 2295 21% 50% 15% 4% 10% 71% 19%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 16% 43% 19% 8% 14% 59% 27%
UE25 EU25 24750 13% 42% 22% 11% 11% 55% 33%
Other white collars 2618 14% 45% 22% 11% 9% 59% 33%
Manual workers 5253 11% 42% 24% 13% 11% 53% 36%
House persons 2382 10% 38% 21% 10% 21% 48% 32%
Unemployed 1637 12% 39% 25% 12% 12% 50% 37%
Retired 6113 11% 37% 24% 13% 14% 49% 37%
Students 2295 19% 53% 15% 5% 8% 72% 20%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 11% 41% 23% 11% 13% 52% 34%
BE 1020 2% 8% 29% 9% 16% 16% 16% 2% 1%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 3% 8% 30% 8% 11% 16% 17% 1% 5%
TOTAL elections organised in the
Member State
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 20% 35% 15% 11% 24% 5% 11% 8% 1% 10%
UE25 EU25 24750 56% 13% 10% 15% 8% 9% 9% 7% 7% 4% 13%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 50% 12% 10% 14% 11% 9% 9% 7% 7% 4% 15%
TOTAL definitely not
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 12% 4% 5% 4% 11% 8% 9% 11% 7% 26% 5% 6,5
UE25 EU25 24750 12% 4% 5% 5% 13% 9% 10% 12% 7% 19% 6% 6,2
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 13% 5% 5% 6% 12% 9% 9% 12% 6% 18% 7% 6,0
UE25 EU25 24750 30% 48% 21%
Male 11939 30% 55% 16%
Female 12811 31% 42% 27%
Age
16-19 10022 33% 46% 21%
20+ 6130 29% 58% 13%
Still Studying 2295 29% 58% 13%
Respondent occupation scale
Self- employed 2021 30% 51% 19%
Managers 2431 30% 57% 13%
Other white collars 2618 32% 51% 17%
Manual workers 5253 30% 48% 21%
House persons 2382 31% 36% 33%
Unemployed 1637 32% 47% 21%
Retired 6113 30% 45% 26%
Students 2295 29% 58% 13%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 32% 44% 24%
No 14058 30% 50% 20%
Membership EU
A good thing 12049 31% 54% 15%
A bad thing 3589 31% 44% 25%
Neither good nor bad 8020 31% 45% 25%
1020 57% 37% 6%
Male 11939 54% 33% 13%
Female 12811 44% 32% 24%
Age
16-19 10022 49% 34% 17%
20+ 6130 55% 34% 10%
Still Studying 2295 48% 39% 13%
Respondent occupation scale
Self- employed 2021 53% 33% 14%
Managers 2431 56% 35% 8%
Other white collars 2618 52% 35% 13%
Manual workers 5253 47% 33% 20%
House persons 2382 44% 27% 30%
Unemployed 1637 46% 33% 21%
Retired 6113 48% 30% 22%
Students 2295 48% 39% 13%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 47% 31% 22%
No 14058 50% 33% 16%
Membership EU
A good thing 12049 56% 32% 12%
A bad thing 3589 43% 37% 20%
Neither good nor bad 8020 44% 33% 23%
UE25 EU25 24750 72% 9% 19%
Male 11939 76% 10% 14%
Female 12811 68% 9% 24%
Age
16-19 10022 73% 10% 17%
20+ 6130 82% 8% 10%
Still Studying 2295 74% 11% 15%
Respondent occupation scale
Self- employed 2021 78% 9% 14%
Managers 2431 83% 6% 10%
Other white collars 2618 77% 9% 13%
Manual workers 5253 71% 9% 20%
House persons 2382 60% 10% 31%
Unemployed 1637 65% 13% 22%
Retired 6113 69% 9% 22%
Students 2295 74% 11% 15%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 66% 11% 22%
No 14058 76% 8% 16%
Membership EU
A good thing 12049 78% 9% 13%
A bad thing 3589 67% 12% 21%
Neither good nor bad 8020 69% 10% 21%
3060 69% 26% 5%
Male 35816 62% 24% 14%
Female 38432 51% 24% 25%
Age
15-24 11334 55% 26% 19%
25-39 19599 58% 25% 17%
40-54 19038 59% 24% 17%
55 + 24279 54% 22% 24%
Education (End of)
15 17816 47% 22% 31%
16-19 30067 56% 25% 19%
20+ 18389 65% 24% 11%
Still Studying 6884 60% 27% 14%
Respondent occupation scale
Self- employed 6063 60% 24% 16%
Managers 7294 66% 24% 11%
Other white collars 7854 60% 26% 14%
Manual workers 15760 55% 24% 21%
House persons 7146 46% 22% 31%
Unemployed 4910 53% 26% 21%
Retired 18338 54% 23% 23%
Students 6884 60% 27% 14%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 27150 52% 25% 23%
No 42173 59% 24% 17%
Membership EU
A good thing 36147 63% 24% 13%
A bad thing 10768 51% 27% 22%
Neither good nor bad 24061 52% 25% 23%
24750 86% 26% 38% 22% 55% 35%
Still Studying 2295 91% 28% 38% 25% 59% 29%
Respondent occupation scale
Self- employed 2021 91% 26% 39% 26% 56% 28%
Managers 2431 93% 21% 41% 31% 56% 22%
Other white collars 2618 90% 27% 38% 26% 57% 30%
Manual workers 5253 86% 27% 39% 20% 57% 37%
House persons 2382 77% 29% 32% 15% 52% 49%
Unemployed 1637 83% 26% 38% 19% 58% 36%
Retired 6113 83% 26% 37% 21% 53% 38%
Students 2295 91% 28% 38% 25% 59% 29%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 83% 27% 36% 19% 56% 38%
No 14058 89% 26% 39% 24% 55% 32%
Membership EU
A good thing 12049 92% 24% 40% 28% 56% 27%
A bad thing 3589 82% 28% 37% 17% 60% 39%
Neither good nor bad 8020 84% 29% 37% 18% 56% 40%
24750 19% 44% 23% 12% 1% 63% 36%
Still Studying 2295 15% 43% 28% 13% 1% 57% 42%
Respondent occupation scale
Self- employed 2021 27% 45% 20% 7% 0% 73% 27%
Managers 2431 29% 53% 16% 3% 0% 81% 18%
Other white collars 2618 16% 49% 26% 9% 0% 65% 34%
Manual workers 5253 14% 43% 28% 15% 1% 57% 42%
House persons 2382 11% 38% 26% 23% 2% 49% 48%
Unemployed 1637 15% 42% 26% 15% 1% 58% 41%
Retired 6113 24% 43% 20% 12% 1% 67% 32%
Students 2295 15% 43% 28% 13% 1% 57% 42%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 16% 42% 25% 15% 1% 59% 40%
TOTAL Very interested Fairly interested Not very interested Not at all interested DK Interested Not interested
Other white collars 2618 7% 40% 40% 12% 1% 48% 52%
Manual workers 5253 6% 34% 39% 21% 1% 40% 59%
House persons 2382 5% 28% 32% 32% 3% 33% 64%
Unemployed 1637 7% 38% 33% 21% 1% 45% 54%
Retired 6113 12% 37% 29% 21% 2% 48% 50%
Students 2295 9% 37% 37% 16% 1% 46% 53%
Difficulty to pay bills
Yes 9050 8% 34% 34% 22% 1% 42% 57%