F. BAREMO PARA LAS PLAZAS DE PROFESOR ASOCIADO Y NORMAS PARA SU APLICACIÓN
III. EXPERIENCIA INVESTIGADORA (hasta 15 puntos) 3.1. Libros
Table 3. 1: Snow storage steps and the associated variables to calculate labor and fuel costs of each task and cumulative cost of all steps.
Data was acquired from conversations with COC staff and cross-checked with online resources
(HR) (W) (RG) (GT) (RW) (LT) (DT) (RC)
Table 3. 2 Total capital investments during year 1. Quantity, unit price, and total price are noted. Recurring sums are noted that correspond with replacement items. Every 4 years, the wood chips and tarp will be replaced and every 20 years, the snow guns and dump truck will be replaced.
NIVIS ECOSTICKS SNOWMAKING UNITS 3 5840 17520 21520
CULVERT PURCHASE (PER UNIT) 14 275 3850 ^every 20
yrs.
MISC. HARDWARE 1 1000 1000
WOODCHIPPER 1 12000 12000
LIME KILN WOOD CHIPS *M CUBED (IN TONS) 700 40 28000
BECHTEL TARP 1 3263 3263 31263
DUMP TRUCKS 2 2000 4000 ^every 4
years GW TATRO: MOBILIZATION, SUPPLY/DELIVER,
WELD/INSTALL, COUPLINGS/VALVES
23730
LWI: NIVIS STANDS, PLATE STEEL, PIPE, STANDS 2240
95603
CAT 311
CU Excavator
5 2 60 30 21 210 92 3.06
GROOM ON TRAILS PistenBully
100 15 1 4 60 21 315 183 3.06
PistenBully
400 15 1 5 75 21 315 229 3.06
74
Table 3. 3 Carbon Dioxide from the transportation of products in both kg and lbs. Journey description contains known and estimated locations based on conversations with COC staff. This method was assisted by https://carbonfund.org/calculation-methods/
Table 3. 4 Amortization cost in dollars, assuming the project lasts 30 years. Year 20 and year 4 reflect costs of replacement of items while year 30 represents the full cost of the project, including setup costs. Total cost represents the amount of money per year spent to store snow.
PRINCIPLE DISCOUNT
PRODUCT Journey (description) Method Legs of
journey One NIVIS ECOSTICKS Sterzing Vipiteno Italy
-> Genoa Italy port Trucked 340 340 0.202 69 151
Genoa Italy Port to
Boston, MA port Shipped 4403 4403 0.0603 266 585
Boston, MA -> COC, VT Trucked 225 225 0.202 46 100 CULVERTS Johnson Hardware and
Rentals Store -> COC, Trucked 24 48 0.202 10 21
TARP Belton Industries,
Belton, South Carolina
YEAR 4 31263 0.06 4 12761 9022
YEAR 20 52783 0.06 20 12761 4602
YEAR 30 114071 0.06 30 12761 8287
TOTAL 34673
Table 3. 5 Conversion from gallons of diesel to lbs. and kg of CO2, from https://www.eia.gov/environment/emissions/co2_vol_mass.php 11 gallon diesel = 22.4 lbs. CO2
GALLONS DIESEL USED YEAR
GALLONS DIESEL USED YEAR 2 (RECURRING ONLY)
1431.25 36002 16330
Table 3. 6: CO2 produced by one passenger on a flight to Denver, Colorado (DEN) and Vancouver, Canada (YVR). “Journey” refers to a round trip and “pax” refers to a passenger. Data from: https://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/Carbonoffset/Pages/default.aspx
DEP
Arr Airport Distance-km Aircraft Fuel Burn/leg (KG)a
DEP AIRPORT
ARR AIRPORT
NUMBER OF PASSENGERS
TRIP AIRCRAFT FUEL
BURN/JOURNEY (KG)AB
TOTAL
PASSENGERS’
CO2/JOURNEY (KG)C
BTV YVR 1 Round Trip 25962.5 813.4
DEP
AIRPORT Arr
Airport Distance-km Aircraft Fuel
Burn/leg (KG)a Passenger
CO2/pax/leg (KG)
BTV ORD 1225 3481.6 149.8
ORD YVR 2831 9542.2 255.7
YVR ORD 2831 9457.4 258.1
ORD BTV 1225 3481.3 149.8
77
Table 3. 7 Tangible (financial benefits)
Example Quotes from Judy
Greer, COC Director Dormitory
reservations The COC provides both private cabins
purchases The COC sells full meals at the lodge
reservation by 7 pm the evening before. Lunch:
lessons The COC offers several seasonal
Entry fees There are entry fees to use COC trails, as well as entry fees for races.
Ex. Bike race entry fee:
$100 for ages 15 & up,
$25 for ages 14 and below.
Rentals The COC rents gear to those interested in
Memberships The COC allows for the purchase of a
lessons and
"Just had a request for another biathlon event
other races Specifically, for winter races, if the
Table 3. 8 Intangible benefits from personal correspondence with Judy Greer, one of the directors at the COC.
Intangible
Benefits Q/A with Judy Greer, COC Director Reputation
builder Q: “What does revenue look like for a great year? Average? Bad?”
A: "Building the long-term reputation of having snow when others don’t is all helpful here."
Q: How long does it take to build up a reputation for consistently having snow? Do you already have that? If so, long did it take to build it?
A: We started building it when we got our first snow guns. It didn’t take too long to build it regionally, and then spread pretty quickly nationally. The storage enables us to continue to maintain this reputation even as the weather gets worse.
General support of mission
Q: "In terms of revenue, what would lead the center to no longer support Nordic skiing/biathlon?”
A: “It’s our mission—we will keep doing it regardless. We are different from normal ski areas this way."
Community
resource Q: "How much impact does revenue have on determining whether the center has experienced “success” or not? What are the other factors? (Can be intangible, hard to measure pieces too).
A: “Developing a reputation for holding high quality races, having great skiing, serving lots of kids and families with our
programming, and in general achieving our mission."
Personal Q: "What does the center mean to you as a place of work, as something you’ve created, as something you’re physically and emotionally invested in?”
A: “It’s a passion and sort of more of a hobby than a job."
Environmental
Stewardship Q: "What do you see as the future of the center? What adjustments do you plan on making to respond to climate"
change?”
A: “We will continue to work to improve our energy efficiency and sustainable practices.”
CONCLUSION
Analyses of the technical, financial, and environmental components of snow storage indicate that this climate change adaptation is feasible at the Craftsbury Outdoor Center in Craftsbury, VT. Experimentation in 2018 and 2019 showed that a gently sloping snow pile covered in a thick (20 cm), uniform layer of wood chips, overlain by a reflective covering (white tarp) would decrease volume loss and preserve enough snow for the COC to open their winter ski season on time.
If the snow storage project’s lifetime is 30 years, its amortization cost is $34,700 per year. Snow storage was financially viable for Craftsbury Outdoor Center as they are also strongly motivated by non-monetary benefits (such as adherence to their mission of sustainability, community, and land stewardship), instead of money alone. This analysis shows that snow storage is environmentally-friendly in comparison to the alternative of not opening their season on time; competitive ski teams would likely fly cross-country to an open ski center. These cross-country flights, for two ski teams alone, release more CO2 than storing snow over the summer. As all three components of snow storage are feasible, the COC will “… continue to store snow until [they] physically can’t” (J. Geer, January 12, 2020; personal correspondence).
Analyzing the effectiveness of this climate change adaptation would benefit from future research. Further research at the COC would strengthen this study’s results;
monitoring their snow pile over a several-year span would decrease the influence of specific weather and would render the results more generalizable. Testing the snow’s density to distinguish between compaction and melt over the summer would also strengthen results. Due to the case study nature of this project, their results provide a
baseline for other interested ski centers; however, generalizing these results would also require conducting similar studies at different ski centers. It is possible that different types or quantities of covering materials would function better at different geographic locations.
A full Cost-Benefit Analysis would improve the project’s broad applicability; for many ski centers, finances are a larger driving motivator than they were at the COC.
Future research could monitor the revenue flows during snow storage years to include monetary financial benefits, in addition to cost, in these calculations. We can use these costs and benefits to produce a CBA that would assist other ski centers in their decision to adopt snow storage. A full Life Cycle Assessment of the environmental impact of snow storage would strengthen its applicability and accuracy. Instead of analyzing the CO2 from each step and the transportation of each product, a Life Cycle Assessment follows specific, widely-used methods that take into account broader impacts and produces a more inclusive and comprehensive result.
Finally, a ski-center-specific guest survey on behavior, impressions of the future, and motivations for choosing specific ski centers would improve results from the guest perspective. A survey of the skiers at the COC would reveal the rationale behind their decisions to ski at the COC and their views of snow storage. These data could be used to strengthen marketing, determine the success of snow storage from their guest’s
perspective, and determine skier behavior if the COC could not open on time.
This research provides a case study with baseline data for determining the success of a climate change adaptation strategy, snow storage, at the COC. Further analysis and data collection of the technical, financial, and environmental components would improve
snow storage’s implementation at the COC and broaden its applicability to other interested ski centers.
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