F UNCIONES DEL MENÚ – C830
EXPLICACIÓN Auto Density
There are several areas for future work related to the monitoring of bioswales and pervious pavements. While this study demonstrates the improvements in influent and effluent, there are still questions regarding the specific processes that are driving pollutant removal. A more detailed monitoring approach that includes testing of different nitrogen species can evaluate the pollutant removal processes within the bioswales and pervious pavements and may shed more light on the mechanisms of pollutant removal.
Furthermore, the impact of a high groundwater table on the performance of the green alley was an unanticipated but significant factor in the function of the green alley. It is unknown the extent to which the groundwater discharge had on the quality of the effluent concentrations, but it may be considerable. Analysis of background water quality taken from outflow samples taken more than 72 hours (time based on WDNR standards) after a storm could help separate inflowing groundwater quality from stormwater underdrain effluent quality. Future studies could also monitor a comparison site that is unaffected by ground water to determine the influence that groundwater inputs have on both flow and water quality. Furthermore, measurement of overflow will make it easier to obtain reliable results.
The results show that the application of bioswales at this urban agriculture site are an effective means to reduce runoff volumes and improve water quality for nutrient loads and phosphorus concentrations. In areas in which nitrogen runoff is a concern, future work could
evaluate how a different green infrastructure design, such as one in which there is a saturated zone amended with a carbon source such as shredded newspaper or woodchips, could improve nitrogen removal. Specifically, the design of Cream City Farms site is advantageous for
evaluating this type of study where one bioswale could be augmented with an upturned elbow at the outlet to allow for a saturated zone within the swale. This could also lead to future studies that evaluate the impact of farming practices – fertilizer use, tilling, vegetated buffers, etc. – on the runoff into and performance of the bioswales.
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Appendix A. Bioswale and Green Alley Statistic Tables
The following tables show the water quality statistics for the bioswales and green alley monitored in this study. Statistics in the body of the document were taken from these tables.
Table A.1. North bioswale quality statistics. median concentration (mg/L) average concentration (mg/L) median load (g) average load (g) influent total nitrogen 3.70 3.26 9.37 21.38 total phosphorus 0.57 0.80 4.17 7.41 dissolved phosphorus 0.40 0.52 2.22 4.89
total suspended solids 50.80 71.70 142.37 1002.27 effluent
total nitrogen 4.53 4.53 0.00 0.04
total phosphorus 0.46 0.33 0.00 0.02
dissolved phosphorus 0.29 0.29 0.00 0.00
total suspended solids 68.56 86.66 0.00 4.11
reductions
total nitrogen -3.98 -3.98 9.37 21.21
total phosphorus 0.17 0.45 3.01 7.46
dissolved phosphorus 0.11 0.11 1.47 4.82
total suspended solids 47.42 2.06 0.71 0.67 percent reductions
total nitrogen -505% -505% 100% 100%
total phosphorus 71% 49% 100% 100%
dissolved phosphorus 28% 28% 100% 100%
Table A.2. South bioswale water quality statistics. median concentration (mg/L) average concentration (mg/L) median load (g) average load (g) influent total nitrogen 2.05 2.62 3.70 9.64 total phosphorus 0.50 1.00 2.71 9.36 dissolved phosphorus 0.29 0.38 1.42 2.42
total suspended solids 17.14 92.89 88.54 1006.52 effluent
total nitrogen 0.80 0.90 0.00 0.39
total phosphorus 0.10 0.12 0.00 0.11
dissolved phosphorus 0.07 0.08 0.00 0.04
total suspended solids 25.67 30.52 0.00 42.08
reductions
total nitrogen 0.80 1.08 9.11 9.56
total phosphorus 0.28 0.62 2.51 6.95
dissolved phosphorus 0.24 0.22 1.62 2.91
total suspended solids -10.91 44.26 9.24 993.64 percent reductions
total nitrogen 46% 5% 99% -18%
total phosphorus 69% 67% 99% 96%
dissolved phosphorus 80% 77% 100% 99%
Table A.3. Green alley water quality statistics. parameter median concentration (mg/L) average concentration (mg/L) median load (g) average load (g) influent total nitrogen 1.35 1.69 38.11 37.43 total phosphorus 0.11 0.15 3.16 3.87
total suspended solids 51.16 68.19 1354.91 2281.65 underdrain
total nitrogen 1.53 1.53 16.41 47.82
total phosphorus 0.04 0.05 0.60 1.04
total suspended solids 1.34 1.71 22.86 37.52
reductions (influent-underdrain)
total nitrogen -0.18 0.16 21.70 -10.39
total phosphorus 0.07 0.10 2.55 2.83
total suspended solids 49.82 66.48 1332.06 2244.12 % reductions (influent-underdrain)
total nitrogen -13% 10% 57% -28%
total phosphorus 61% 67% 81% 73%
total suspended solids 97% 97% 98% 98%
effluent
total nitrogen - - 56.63 68.39
total phosphorus - - 2.71 2.74
total suspended solids - - 715.76 1,058.27 reductions (influent-effluent)
total nitrogen - - -18.53 -30.96
total phosphorus - - 0.45 1.12
total suspended solids - - 639.15 1223.38
%reductions (influent-underdrain)
total nitrogen - - -49% -83%
total phosphorus - - 14% 29%