¿Cómo se relacionan los seres vivos en los ecosistemas?
10. Explotación racional de los recursos naturales
I 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 IS 16 17 18 19 20 • I Y:z 0 I Y:z y, I Y:z I I Y:z Y:z I I I Y:z Y:z I Y:z 13Y:z 0 • Y:z Y:z 0 I Y:z I Y:z I I Y:z I I Y:z Y:z Y:z I I I 13 Y:z Y:z • 0 I Y:z Y:z I I I 0 Y:z 0 I I Y:z I Y:z Y:z I 12 1 Y:z I • Y:z I Y:z 0 0 Y:z 0 y, I Y:z 1 1 1 Y:z Y:z 1 12 S Smys1ov 0 1 0 Y:z • Y:z Y:z Y:z 1 1 Y:z Y:z Y:z Y:z y, 1 y, I y. y, 11 6 Spassky Y:z 0 Y:z 0 Y:z • 1 0 0 Y:z 1 Y:z 1 1 1 Y:z y, 1 Y:z 1 11 7 Averbakh Y:z Y:z Y:z Y:z Y:z 0 • Y:z 0 1 1 Y:z Y:z Y:z Y:z Y:z Y:z Y:z 1 1 IOY:z 8 Po1ugayevsky 0 0 0 1 Y:z 1 Y:z 0 Y:z Y:z Y:z Y:z 1 1 Y:z Y:z 1 1 Y:z IOY:z
9 Simagin Y:z Y:z 0 1 0 I I I • Y:z Y:z 0 Y:z 0 1 0 1 Y:z Y:z 10
10 Taimanov 0 0 0 Y:z 0 Y:z 0 Y:z y, • I I I 0 1 Y:z 1 I 1 Y:z 10 11 Furman 0 0 1 I Y:z 0 0 Y:z Y:z 0 • I Y:z I Y:z Y:z I 0 Y:z I 9Y:z 12 Boleslavsky Y:z Y:z Y:z Y:z Y:z y, Y:z Y:z 0 0 • 0 Y:z Y:z Y:z Y:z 1 Y:z I 9 13 Bronstein Y:z 0 I 0 Y:z 0 Y:z Y:z I 0 Y:z 1 • 0 Y:z 1 Y:z 0 I Y:z 9 14 Gufe1d 0 0 0 Y:z Y:z 0 Y:z 0 Y:z 1 0 Y:z I • Y:z I 0 Y:z I Y:z 8 IS Lutikov 0 Y:z 0 0 Y:z 0 Y:z 0 1 0 Y:z Y:z Y:z Y:z • 0 Y:z Y:z 1 1 7Y:z 16 Cherepkov 0 Y:z Y:z 0 0 Y:z Y:z Y:z 0 Y:z Y:z Y:z 0 0 1 • 1 1 0 Y:z 7Y:z 17 Tarasov Y:z Y:z 0 0 Y:z Y:z Y:z Y:z I 0 0 Y:z Y:z I Y:z 0 • 0 0 Y:z 7
18 Borisenko Y:z 0 Y:z Y:z 0 0 Y:z 0 0 0 I 0 1 y, y, 0 1 • 0 6Y:z
19 Khasin 0 0 Y:z Y:z Y:z Y:z 0 0 Y:z 0 Y:z Y:z 0 0 0 I I Y:z • Y:z 6Y:z 20 Bannik Y:z 0 0 0 Y:z 0 0 Y:z Y:z Y:z 0 0 Y:z Y:z 0 Y:z Y:z I Y:z • 6
T
HIS WAS last of the consecutive January-February traditional dates and the transfer to late in the year. THE YEAR of two championships, a strange state of affairs that was marked by the Doubtless this was due to the pressure on the chess calendar of such events as Hastings, Wijk aanZee and FIDE qualifiers/fmals. The former two came early in the year, the latter normally occupied a spring slot.
The prestigious Soviet Championship was fme, but the attractions of foreign trips were not to be underestimated. Soviet grandmasters travelled to the West with long shopping lists, the purchases going both to their own family and friends. The idea was partly to have access to quality Western goods not available back home. It was also the case that the tax system in the USSR was not too burdensome, but money was always of less use than assets in hand, so any prize money earned abroad was best turned into goods as quickly as possible. There are well-known anecdotes about such trends. The young Korchnoi once explained in halting English to his English host that he needed a woman - it turned out that this was the only way he could establish the right size in English shops for the underwear and clothes he had to buy for his wife and her friends. Soviet and continental measures were quite different from British ones.
Korchnoi defended his title at Moscow in January 196 1 . This was also a Zonal tournament with four Interzonal places on offer. Tal was missing again, preparing for his return match with Botvinnik. It was not generally known until later that his chronic kidney trouble was building up at this time. Keres abstained since he was already exempt to the next Candidates' tournament due to his second place to Tal in the previous one.
David Bronstein-Efim Geller Nimzo-Indian Defence E27
The frrst round in Moscow opened with a
bang when Bronstein beat Geller with a frrework of a move after the Ukrainian incau tiously tempted the enemy rook on to the seventh rank.
1 08 The Soviet Championships
1 d4 lt:Jf6 2 c4 e6 3 lt:Jc3 .i.b4 4 a3 .i.xc3+ 5 bxc3 0--0 6 f3 d5 7 cxd5 exd5 8 e3 .i.f5 9 lt:Je2 lt:Jbd7 10 lt:Jf4 c5 1 1 .i.d3 .i.xd3 12 -.xd3 J:.e8 13 0--0 J:.c8 14 J:.b1 •as 15 J:.xb7 lt:Jb6 16 g4 h6 17 h4 cxd4 18 g5 dxe3 19 gxf6 J:.xc3 (D) 20 .. g6! 1-0
The winning move is much more spectacular than 20 J:.xf7.
A new name from the Ukraine, Leonid Stein, at the time Champion of that Republic, made the audience sit up when he beat Petrosian in the sixth round. Alas, he had scarcely a decade more to live, but in that short period played many impressive games of almost elemental force.
The closeness of the struggle can be seen from the scores after 1 1 rounds: Petrosian, Geller 8; Spassky 7 out of 9, Polugayevsky and Stein 6 out of 9. The leisurely schedule involving rest days and days for adjourned game completion meant that players did not meet with much resistance if they wanted to postpone a game due to a slight indisposition like a cold. Petrosian maintained this lead, not conceding too many draws, while Smyslov forced his way into the top five after 16 rounds when Petrosian had 1 1 Yz, Geller l OYz, Spassky 10 and Smyslov and Stein 9Yz.
Petrosian had lived in Moscow for so long now (he had a Muscovite wife, Rona) that the local fans were rooting for him throughout the second half as he played with great concentration. He held on to his lead and a quick last-round draw with Tarasov brought him his second gold medal in his tenth crack at the title. He was to move on from this to take the world title.
It was much tenser for those striving to make the remaining three places. Spassky had lost to Korchnoi in the 1 8th round. In a Sicilian Defence Korchnoi turned down a draw at move 20 and went on to give full scope to his great determination to win. This left Korchnoi playing the white pieces against Polugayevsky in the last round. The latter, as he admitted years later, was rather in awe of the Leningrader and lost after 4 1 moves. This left Spassky, Black, against Stein, both on 1 1 points, while Geller had 1 1 Yz and was playing A verbakh. The latter game was a short draw, while Spassky was defending hard after opening in the Ruy Lopez by I e4 e5 2 lt:Jf3 lt:Jc6 3 .i.b5 .i.c5. Spassky sealed his 4 1 st move in a bishop ending where Stein had an extra pawn.
Leonid Stein-Boris Spassky
Instead of the expected hard fight in the second session, Spassky resigned without resuming to earn criticism from analysts who found his drawing chances worth more than this.
So Stein moved on to the international era and Spassky was denied a crack at the world crown for another three years.
Petrosian, along with Korchnoi, won the the most games, nine. He reached the following position after 28 moves against his main rival Korchnoi.
Exploiting the harmonious layout of his pieces, White went active:
Tigran Petrosian-Viktor Korchnoi 29 d5! .i.xd5 30 'ifxf6 .i.g7 31 'ifg5 l:f8. Black's idea of strengthening the defence by 32 ... l:f5 proves inadequate, so perhaps imme diate counterplay by 3 l ...a4 was called for.
32 'ifg4! l:df7
It is clear that 32 ... l:f5 is countered by 33 itld6.
33 itld6
... which is still very strong. 33 ... l:e7 34 l:xd5!
The decisive blow, as Black's position now collapses like a house of cards.
34 ..• cxdS 35 'ifgS! .i.f6 36 'ifxdS+ �h8 37
ltlxe4 .i.g7 38 itld6 Was 39 'ifb5! 'ifa7 40 ltlc4 1-0 (time)
Black's game is hopeless as moves like 4 1 .l:.d6 are in the air, as well as simply 4 1 'ifxb6 and 4 1 f3 followed by .i.d6.
However, as was often the case, the prize for the most brilliant game fell to a player who was not one of the favourites. The talented Simagin followed up his prize-winning effort of ten years earlier with this:
Vladimir Simagin-Leonid Stein Sicilian Defence B96 1 e4 c5 2 itlf3 d6 3 d4 cxd4 4 ltlxd4 itlf6 s ltlc3 a6 6 .i.gS e6 7 f4 h6 8 9 10 .i.h4 'ifd2 l:b1 'ii'b6 Wxb2 'ifa3
This is one of the most complicated lines of the Sicilian Najdorf and was very popular in those years. Without going into details, for this position has been the subject of the most scru pulous analysis, one can note that both sides take on great responsibilities in this double edged position. Obviously White has compen sation for his pawn in the form of superior development and greater space, but Black has a sound position and the game is semi-closed, which reduces the significance of dynamic fac tors. For a long time practice did not establish a clear judgement of the chances, though inclining slightly in White's favour. Yet the variation gradually fell into disuse. We might add that the position also occurred with White's queen at d3.
1 1 .i.xf6
Simagin is not attracted by the direct 1 1 e5 and makes a plan with deeper content.
1 1 gxf6
12 .i.e2 h5
Useful prophylaxis, as it is handy to rule out .i.h5.
13 0-0 itld7
It is tempting to go for the energetic 1 3 ... ltlc6, but after 1 4 ltlxc6 bxc6 the b 1-rook becomes noticeably more active.
14 �h1 Wc5 15 l:f3!
All in the same unhurried style. Noting the lack of harmony in Black's forces, Simagin for the moment merely improves the placing of his pieces. The rook on the third rank has many possibilities open to it.
15 .i.e7
16 l:h3 h4 17 fS
This advance fits in with White's plans, but Simagin was self-critical here and commented that it was premature. In the spirit of his play so far was 1 7 itld 1 , to bring the h3-rook into play on the queenside. For example l 7 ... b5 1 8 a4! b4 19 c3 !.
17 ltlb6
Possibly Simagin expected 1 7 ... ltle5 1 8 ltla4, but Stein's move is more to the point .
1 10 The Soviet Championships This is no longer so strong, but it still proves
attractive.
18 tt::lc4
19 'ii'cJ ltle5
As a result of White's inaccuracy at move 1 7 Black has slightly improved the placing of his pieces, but the overall problem of comple ting development is still unresolved.
20 'ii'b2 b5
Obviously 20 ... tt::lc4 does not compel repetition of moves by 2 1 'ii'c3 ltle5, since White could try 2 1 i.xc4 'ii'xc4 22 tt::le3 'ii'c5 23 ltlg4.
21 22 c3!
i.d7
It is hard to decide on such a move as it limits the mobility of the h3-rook, but it is important to support the d4-knight which keeps up the pressure on e6. The threat is now 23 'ii'b3.
22
23 :tel l:tc8 i.d8!
Inventive play. Now, if necessary, the e6- pawn can be defended by the king.
24 'ii'b3 �e7 25 'ii'd1!
A surprising turn of events. The stubborn defence of the e6-pawn induces White to seek new objects of attack, for example the f6- square after 'ii'fl-f2 and l:tfl , or the pawn at h4. As usual, elastic manoeuvring is a key weapon of the player with a space advantage.
25 i.b6
26 'ii'n 'ii'a3
Using the slight breathing space Stein shows his hand. The play becomes very complex.
27 l:td1 !?
There was the tempting 27 fxe6 fxe6 28 tt::ldf5+, but this promised nothing for the moment in view of the simple 28 ... �f7 (not 28 ... exf5? 29 tt::ld5+ ), whereas now this threat becomes a real one.
27 l:txc3
Showing optimism verging on carelessness. The acceptance of the sacrifice is very risky. Much more careful would be the consolidation by 27 ... i.c5, not fearing 28 c4?! due to 28 ... 'ii'b2.
28
29 fxe6 tt::ldf5+! fxe6 White's threats now take concrete form.
29 �d8
29 ... exf5 fails as before to 30 lLld5+. 30 lLlxd6 :m (D)
30 ... l:txe3 would be bad in view of 3 1 'ii'xf6+ �c7 32 'ii'xe5, but many experts pointed out the correct defence 30 ... �e7.
31 l:txh4!
The strongest way to continue the attack, bringing in the rook. 3 1 tt::lg4 looks tempting, but Stein had clearly foreseen this and would have refuted it by 3 I ...l:txh3 32 tt::lxe5 l:txh2+!
33 � 'ii'g3+ 34 �h i 'ii'xe5.
31 l:txe3?
The last of a series of a series of optimistic moves and it is the decisive mistake. Surprising as it seems, Black's defensive resources were not yet exhausted, despite the split nature of his forces. The diligent analyst Igor Zaitsev managed to prove later that by 3 l . .. i.c7 Black could still defend himself, the main variation running 32 l:th8 i.xd6 33 l:txf8+ .ixf8 34 'ii'xf6+ �c8 35 'ii'xe5 l:txe3 36 'ii'd4 .ic6 37 'ii'b6 .id7 38 'ii'd4 .ic6 and draws. In retro spect this proves that the universal criticism of Stein for his last few moves was exaggerated. He only went beyond the bounds of acceptable risk at the last turn, a conclusion which enhances the merit of this fme game.
32 l:th8!
By this fine move Simagin embarks upon a deeply calculated sequence. The fmest part of the game now begins.
32 l:txh8
33 'ii'xf6+ �c7 34 'ii'xe5 · �c6
The alternative 34 ... 'ii'c5 leads to the game continuation after 35 tt::lxb5+ �c6, while the
retreat 35 ... �c8 loses to 36 'ii'xh8+ .td8 37 tt:Jd6+ <l;c7 38 'ii'xd8+ <i;xd8 39 tt:Jb7+ <l;c7 40 tt:Jxc5.
35 tt:Jxb5! 'ii'c5
35 ... axb5 loses after 36 .txb5+ <l;b7 37 .:txd7+, and 35 ... 'ii'e7 is met by 36 .l:d6+ �b7 37 .l:xb6+! <l;xb6 38 'ii'c7#.
36 .:td6+
37 .l:xd7+ �c8 (D) �b7
A fantastic picture. All White's pieces are en prise and he is under threat of mate in two, but
now he achieves a blow he had long prepared. 38 .l:c7+!! 'i'xc7
Or 38 ... .txc7 39 'i'xc5.
39 tt:Jxc7 .:txhl+
The last chance. After 39 ... .:td8 40 .txa6+ <l;d7 4 1 .tb5+ �c8 42 'i'xe6+ Black loses straight away. 40 41 42 'i'xhl 'i'h8+ 'i'c3+ .l:xel �xc7 �b7
The whirlwind has swept the majority of pieces from the board, so now comes the technical phase. 43 'i'c4 44 �hl 45 �h3 46 �g4 47 �(3 48 'i'b4+ 49 'i'c3+ 50 'i'bl+ 51 'i'g7 52 'i'g8+ 53 'i'xe6 54 g4 .:tel+ .tc7+ .:thl+ .l:bl .:th6 �c6 �b7 �c8 .l:b5 �b7 .:ta5 1--0