II. REVISIÓN DE LITERATURA
2.3 Definiciones generales
2.5.6 Extensión de series cortas
There are a number of overlapping programs being implemented by the governments at different levels. Some of these programs are such that they envelop slum development in to the broad objectives of the program, while other are exclusively meant for slum development itself. A brief over‐view of such programs are discussed below.
11.3.1 Delhi Government Action for Slum Development: Bhagidari with Slum
Dwellers
Sanjha Prayas under Bhagidari is a partnership of the Chief Minister and slum dwellers in Delhi launched in March 2007. Government has appointed CURE as consultant to the Bhagidari‐Sanjha Prayas initiative. Community mobilization has been started in 19 slum areas in Patparganj, Seemapuri and Shahadra constituencies and 11 blocks of Savda Ghevra, a new resettlement being developed in Delhi to relocate and house slum dwellers.
Initiatives under Sanjha Prayas include a Safai Abhiyaan (cleanliness drive in all slum areas in partnership with MCD and DJB), Jal Mission (repair and maintenance of water supply infrastructure and improvement of water supply to all areas with DJB), Social welfare camps in Savda Ghevra (improving access to welfare schemes including transferring of pension holders from old to new areas with Welfare Department), Power camps (access to metered connections and resolving billing issues with NDPL and BSES) and Access to Livelihoods Programs (employment skills, employment and micro enterprise) through SC/ST Corporation and private sector partnerships.
11.3.2 Jawaharlal Nehru Urban Renewal Mission (JNURM)
JNURM launched in 2005 is a seven year program being implemented by Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation and it comprises of 4 components:
1. UIG: Urban Infrastructure & Governance: Applicable to 65 cities of national importance
2. UIDSSMT: Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small & Medium Towns: Applicable to other cities & Towns
3. BSUP: Basic Services to the Poor: Applicable to 65 cities of national importance
4. IHSDP: Integrated Housing & Slum Development Programme: Applicable to other cities & Towns
Huge resources have been allocated towards these programs (Table 11.1) and there seems to be physical progress also as indicated by some of the evaluation studies and more such studies are needed.
TABLE 11.1 JNNURM CUMULATIVE PHYSICAL PROGRESSES (AS ON FEBRUARY 2010)
Description BSUP IHSDP Total UIG UIDSSMT Total
Number of projects approved 479 862 527 764 1291 Number of states and union territories covered 31 31 31 35 66 Number of cities and towns covered 63 761 65 636 701 Number of dwelling units approved 1036819 469575 Source: JNNURM website, visited 07‐04‐2011
This document is intellectual property of Centre for Global Development Research Private Limited, New Delhi prepared with the help of SER Grant extended by the Planning Commission of India. No part of the document can be copied without a written permission of CGDR.
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Since UIG & UIDSSMT focus on development of city‐wide infrastructure and BSUP and IHSDP focus on housing and basic amenities to the urban poor, especially slum‐dwellers, the latter two acquire more relevance for the present study. Moreover, since Delhi is covered by the BSUP scheme, the details for the same are furnished below.
The mission of BSUP includes preparation of perspective plan for a period of 20‐25 years (with 5 yearly updates) indicating policies, programmes and strategies of meeting fund requirements. The perspective plan is followed by preparation of development plans integrating land use with services, urban transport and environment management for every five year plan period. In this context, a city development plan (CDP) would be required before the city can access Mission Funds. In addition, cities will be required to prepare Detailed Project Reports for undertaking projects under identified areas and involve private sector participation in development, management and financing of Urban Infrastructure, which would be clearly delineated. The financing pattern is marked by equal participation of centre and state.
The objectives of BSUP include basic services to Urban Poor including security of tenure at affordable prices, improved housing, water supply, sanitation and ensuring delivery through convergence of other already existing universal services of the Government for education, health and social security. It is also emphasised that urban poor are provided housing near their place of occupation. The basic services for the urban poor seeks to provide seven entitlements/services – security of tenure, affordable housing, water, sanitation, health, education and social security – in low income settlements in the 63 Mission Cities. The progress in BSUP made so far is presented in Table 11.2. Clearly, Delhi is far behind the efforts made by some of the other states. Out of 26 projects submitted by Delhi only 17 got approved with project value of 2783.78 crore and number of dwelling units approved is just about 73820, which is much less than other states such as Gujarat, and Karnataka where share of slum population is lower than Delhi.
11.3.3 Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY)
RAY came into existence on June 4, 2009 under the jurisdiction of Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation. This is again a Government of India scheme for slum dwellers and the urban poor , with a vision of creating a ‘Slum Free India’ for slum redevelopment and construction of affordable housing conditioned by a set of necessary reforms by giving central support to states willing to assign property rights to slum dwellers to progress beyond JNNURM. The Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (MoHUPA) has prepared Guidelines to assist the preparatory activities under RAY and this has been circulated to all States and union territories. RAY calls for a multi‐pronged approach focusing on bringing existing slums within the formal system and enabling them to avail the same level of basic amenities as the rest of the town/city; and redressing the failures of the formal system that lead to the creation of slum. As noted above, this scheme
has two stages namely preparatory stage and operational stage. Under preparatory stage a city is supposed to be planned to be slum‐free through support to State Government and Urban Local Bodies by slum survey and GIS mapping. In the operational stage the existing slums is brought within the formal system and enable them to avail of the same level of basic amenities as the rest of the town. Under this program urban land is to be tracked for shortage of urban land and housing that keep shelter out of reach of the urban poor and force them to resort to extra‐legal solutions in a bid to retain their sources of livelihood and employment
TABLE 11.2 STATE‐WISE DPRS RECEIVED AND APPROVED UNDER BASIC SERVICE TO THE URBAN POOR (BSUP) (STATUS ON 15‐02‐2011, INR VALUES IN CRORE)
Name of States/UTs
DPRs Received DPRs Approved No. of
Dwelling Units approved Total ACA Released No. of cities from DPRs received No. of DPRs received Total Project Costs No. of Projects approved Project Cost approved Maharashtra 5 66 9,110.13 60 6,817.86 182841 1,409.68 West Bengal 2 93 3,815.93 91 3,293.04 140113 682.65 Andhra Pradesh 3 43 3,863.08 36 3,010.18 134694 874.86 Gujarat 4 20 1,978.13 19 1,709.94 106044 621.68 Tamil Nadu 3 65 2,475.71 51 2,327.32 91318 494.42 Delhi 1 26 4,831.60 17 2,783.78 73820 228.90 U.P. 7 70 2,473.85 67 2,342.51 67992 531.77 M.P. 4 37 1,222.91 22 704.65 41446 147.91 Chhattisgarh 1 6 461.93 6 462.49 30000 169.29 Karnataka 2 25 994.51 18 747.18 28118 164.49 Others 31 105 4429.00 92 3615.00 140433 923.00 Total 63 556 35,656.70 479 27,813.58 1036819 6,248.82 Source: JNNRUM website
11.3.4 Other Policies concerning slum development
The various policies adopted by the Central Government, from time to time, were accompanied by initiation of various programmes and schemes. The National Slum Development Programme (NSDP) had provision for adequate and satisfactory water supply, sanitation, housing, solid waste management, primary and non‐ formal education. The scheme provided additional central assistance to States to supplement the resources of the State Government for provision of basic infrastructure and services in slum areas. The Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY) was designed to provide gainful employment to the urban poor by encouraging setting up of self‐employment ventures and provision of wage employment opportunities for families below poverty line in urban areas. The Two Million Housing Programme (TMHP) was launched with the objective of ‘housing for all’ with particular emphasis on the needs of economically weaker sections and low income group categories. The Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana (VAMBAY) aimed at providing subsidies for construction of housing and sanitation for urban slum dwellers living below poverty line in different towns/cities all over the country.This document is intellectual property of Centre for Global Development Research Private Limited, New Delhi prepared with the help of SER Grant extended by the Planning Commission of India. No part of the document can be copied without a written permission of CGDR.
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According to National Housing Policy 2007 document, the above mentioned policies and programmes have yielded fairly positive results in the area of housing and habitat. ‘Some increase has been noticed in the supply of serviced land, shelter and related infrastructure. For example, in the first four years of the 10th Plan
period, financial assistance was provided for construction of 442369 dwelling units under VAMBAY scheme. Similarly, total number of beneficiaries under NSDP and SJSRY were 45.87 million and 31.77 million respectively during the same period. The period 1991 to 2001 witnessed a net addition of 19.52 million dwelling units in the urban housing stock (Census: 2001) involving average annual construction of 1.95 million houses. The share of ownership housing in urban areas has increased from 63% in 1991 to 67% in 2001 (Census: 2001). It is important to note that households having one room accommodation declined significantly in urban areas from 39.55 per cent to 35.1 per cent during the period 1991 to 2001. This is a result of upward mobility in accommodation indicating a robust economy and accelerated supply of improved housing stock’ (National Housing Policy 2007).