FÓRMULA MULTI-BENEFICIOS CREMA LIMPIADORA FACIAL

TABLE 5.2: SELECTED OAIS AND RAC REQUIREMENTS ON PERSONNEL AND STAFFING Subject of to staffing. The standard as a whole implies the existence of of staff to support all functions and services. (24)

As noted, OAIS is entirely silent on the matter of personnel qualifications and training, although its wording and structure presume the existence of knowledgeable personnel capable of carrying out the functions delineated in the standard. RAC is much more detailed in its expectations, requiring repositories to identify staff roles and

responsibilities and to ensure that the repository has enough personnel to support operations. Despite the level of detail provided in RAC, however it is still unclear what actually constitutes ‘staff with adequate skills and experience’, The explanatory note for 3.2.1.2 only states that a repository needs to: ‘[D]etermine the appropriate number and level of staff that corresponds to requirements and commitments’.⁴⁰⁶

To assess the applicability of this RAC requirement, the following section examines the levels of staffing at case study repositories and considers the challenges they face in ensuring they have enough trained staff to manage repository operations.

406 TC20/SC 13, ‘Audit and Certification of Trustworthy Digital Repositories’., 24.

5.2.2.2 Personnel Capacity in Practice

Overall the case study repositories have sufficient staff capacity to meet and even exceed their needs. All repositories studied have a number of staff with a high degree of technical expertise, as well as a number of records or archives personnel with technical knowledge serving in supervisory positions.

WSDA has eight staff members who play direct roles in the daily operations of the repository. One is a qualified archivist with experience in electronic records management. The remaining employees have backgrounds in aspects of information technology, such as database management, systems administration and programming.

Established in 2003, WSDA was one of the earliest purpose-built digital repositories in North America, and it recruited individuals with technical expertise to design and operate digital repository systems that met institutional and user needs.The WSDA team designed AutoTodd, a software tool that automated ingest activities such as extracting information from hard drives and generating access copies of digital records.

As explained by one interviewee:

AutoTodd does then all the work [the Data Ingest Coordinator] used to have to do manually for that process. But we build the two tapes, you know, that we keep one in our vault here and one off site and then we dump it into there and immediately our image processors, this is our code that our developers have custom written…⁴⁰⁷

The custom-built systems developed at WSDA, like those mentioned by this interviewee, require that the institution secure and retain staff with advanced technical knowledge, a requirement that can become costly over time. Only a limited number of repositories will be able to follow this employment strategy. And even though WSDA was forward

407 Interview 6, 18 July 2011. Similar expertise was demonstrated in Interview 3, 18 and 19 July 2011; Interview 1, 18 July 2011 and Interview 9, 19 July 2011. The necessity of properly qualified staff was mentioned in Interview 11, 14 September 2012.

thinking in its digital repository planning, the repository was originally designed to accept digitised records, not born-digital records, and WSDA has had to adapt its systems to accommodate born-digital materials. As such, WSDA created a storage system called the Holding Electronic Records Tank (HERT) intended to store digital-born records temporarily until it could dedicate the necessary resources to managing them.⁴⁰⁸

Like WSDA, the National Archives of Norway has a number of information technology specialists on the staff to oversee systems operation. Most of the IT staff have advanced training in XML programming, a critical capacity since the ingest process is built around XML schemas that enable the transfer of digital records from information systems to the digital repository. The Assistant Director for Digital Records worked for many years as a digital records manager, bringing knowledge of records management and archives business rules, which he incorporated into the digital repository to ensure it would operate according to community standards. Further, he regularly attends international archival conferences and sits on international committees dealing with the issue of digital records preservation.

The scale of the digital repository at the National Archives of Finland is smaller than at the National Archives of Norway or WDSA. The institution has four employees working in the areas of digitisation and digital records preservation. Finland’s digital repository only recently accepted its first ingest in 2010: ‘[U]ntil few years ago we got first real stuff [digital-born public records] inside it was this taxation database’.⁴⁰⁹ The staffing levels can be attributed both to government cutbacks and to the outsourcing of the digital repository IT architecture.⁴¹⁰ But it is also important to note that the

408 Interview 1, 18 July 2011.

409 Interview 13, 21 September 2012.

410 Interview 13, 21 September 2012.

programme is fairly young and the number of records transfers small. The newness of the programme may be a reason that the institution does not have a large number of staff on hand to manage the repository and ingest processes, compared with more mature digital transfer programmes.

In the UK, TNA has nine staff members with IT and digital records preservation backgrounds. It was pointed out during one of the interviews with TNA staff that there is an absence of expertise in relation to the management of more complex records formats such as Computer Aided Design (CAD), Geographic Information Systems (GIS) or virtual reality formats.⁴¹¹ In order to address technological and budgetary constraints, TNA has taken a much more pragmatic approach to preserving digital records.

[I]t’s CAD and it’s GI mapping, it’s these virtual reality games, you know, things.

There’s […] actually three public enquiries that uses […] virtual reality models […]

so it’s very important but it’s also technologically difficult. I mean there are constraints because we don’t have a huge budget and we don’t have expertise in some of these more obscure areas […] we’ve got a small team and we’ve just got to operate within the constraints, technological and budgetary constraints we’ve got and do best and our best is by no means perfect.⁴¹²

Most of TNA’s records transfers are small, relating not to widespread departmental activities but to special events, inquiries or inquests. These transfers contain recently created records, which can include complex record formats, this explains TNA’s need to engage staff with more technical expertise.

It could be argued, based on the TDR standards requirements, that the case study repositories examined have sufficient archival and technical expertise to support digital repository operations. However, as shown in the discussion of remit and

regulatory framework, the question of what constitutes a ‘sufficiently’ staffed repository is unclear. What is apparent from the interview data is that digital repositories are hiring

411 Interview 10, 12 October 2011 and Interview 11, 14 September 2012.

412 Interview 11, 14 September 2012.

individuals with more advanced IT capabilities to facilitate repository operations, whilst archives and records professionals occupy management or supervisory roles. Archivists in these settings must have a high degree of IT knowledge so that they can explain archival principles and practices and also provide the IT context necessary to allow IT staff to translate those requirements in a digital environment. Nevertheless, the question remains: how will intervening factors, such as budgetary limitations, affect repository operations and their ability to hire qualified staff to meet their TDR

requirements? The challenge to all repositories is to ensure the sustained preservation of digital records regardless of formats, even in constrained budgetary environments.

The standards do not provide detailed guidance about the staff levels needed to address that requirement.

5.2.3 Finances

Finances influence all aspects of TDR operations, from staffing and professional

development to technical infrastructure and escrow management. How much money an organisation can devote to its digital repository will have a direct impact on the success of its operations. This section considers how financial requirements are articulated in the standards and how they are applied in the case study repositories.

5.2.3.1 OAIS and RAC Requirements

TABLE 5.3: SELECTED OAIS AND RAC REQUIREMENTS ON FINANCES