In Germany especially the utilization of liquid manure is only economic together with energy crops or substrates with higher biogas potential. A higher manure utilization rate by using the state of the art is related with the use of energy crops and the cultivation of maize. If the percentage of
45 The project is partly financed by the European Union - European Regional Development Fund
maize cultivation area is low, as in MV, this is no problem; the environmental impact is low or not higher than for other crops.
In general the digestion of liquid manure has positive environmental impacts. In regions with a high livestock density, as in some counties of SH, the sustainable utilization of manure for fertilization is difficult. The digestion of manure together with other substrates increases the amount of liquid organic fertilizer. Also the acceptance of new biogas plants is low in these regions, because the people afraid smell, transport and environmental impacts as groundwater pollutions by nitrates. Especially the pollution of groundwater caused by to high manure and/or digestate application is reported for Lower Saxony (Höber 2013).
A solution could be a mono digestion of manure by using developed technologies, the replacement of energy plants by manure in existing plants or separation technologies and the export of digestate/manure in regions with lower livestock density.
6
Poland
Marek Ziółkowski, Ksawery Kuligowski & Andrzej Tonderski
6.1 Background
The average share of energy use from renewable energy sources was about 8% in Poland in 2009- 2010. The Polish target is to reach 15% of renewable energy in final energy consumption by 2020 and further increase of this index in the subsequent years (20% in 2030; Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council). National Renewable Energy Action Plan sets a target of the share of renewable energies to be 19.13% in the electricity sector, 17.05% in the heating/cooling sector and 10.14% in the transport sector by 2020.
Energy use from biogas amounted only to 0.08% of the Polish energy pool in 2010. Biogas was produced in 28 biogas plants, 16 of them processing manure. The number of biogas plants is still growing, but to fulfil the energy potential of manure (also, waste and energy crops for co- digestion) it is vital to promote and investigate the possibilities for rapid growth of biogas sector in Poland. As especially slurry solely is too diluted and does not provide good biogas yields, attention in this Polish scenario will also be paid on co-substrates (organic waste and energy crops).
This scenario aims at showing the estimated potential for biogas production in Poland including manure, energy crops and waste as a substrate. It also covers the analysis of biogas plant investment costs and the possible locations for biogas plants in Pomorskie voivodeship.
6.2 Methodology
Technical potential of biogas production from manure in Poland was estimated using the Eurostat database. Number of heads was taken for farms larger than 100 Livestock Units (LU) and then
46 The project is partly financed by the European Union - European Regional Development Fund
counted for separate Polish regions, called voivodeships. Cattle manure (including manure types: slurry, FYM and faeces) was calculated for all cattle types with one exception - all male cattle were counted as bulls. Pig manure was counted for breeding sows, piglets and other pigs (0.3 LU count according to EuroStat database). Poultry manure was calculated as solid manure from broilers, laying hens and all other types of poultry. Manure amounts were counted correspondingly to Luostarinen, 2013.
The technical potential of biogas production from waste in the Polish food industry was estimated by Institute of Renewable Energy (IEO) on the basis of data from the regional waste management plans (waste code 02, Table 6.1; Wiśniewski et al. 2011). Detailed research on waste production was undertaken in the Lubelskie voivodeship based on the following assumptions. 64% of waste shown in Table 6.1 (suitable for anaerobic digestion) was classified as usable in agricultural biogas plants. Then the results were extrapolated for other voivodeships. In addition, for the calculation of technical potential it was assumed that up to 40% of waste will be available, while the rest will be used or disposed of in other ways (e.g. by incineration or composting). A group of waste defined this way, based on the percentage contribution of each waste calibrated with the data for the region of Lubelskie voivodeship, was assigned to have the average value of 170 m3 of biogas / tonne (based on Atlas of substrates for biogas plants developed in the EU FP6 project – Agrobiogas - http://daten.ktbl.de/euagrobiogas/).
The technical potential of biogas production from energy crops in Poland is calculated assuming that there is an upper limit for using these resources based on criteria of environmental sustainability, i.e. the cultivation area is reduced to 10% of the total agricultural land in Poland. This is mainly because of the desire to reduce areas of monoculture (maize) and to prevent competition over cultivation area (intended for food purposes). The study conducted by IEO also did not take into account the area of fallow and set-aside lands, but 80% of the designated energy crops is maize due to its ease of cultivation, harvesting, maintenance and storage, and a relatively high yield per unit area (t/ha). Therefore, to simplify the analysis of the maize silage, IEO adopted the following characteristics: production per hectare 35 t, production of biogas from maize silage 185 m3/t, methane content in biogas 52%, calorific value of methane 10 kWh/m3. Given those assumptions, it is possible to obtain 122.5 GJ/ha of maize (Wiśniewski et al. 2011).
47 The project is partly financed by the European Union - European Regional Development Fund
Table 6.1. Waste classification. Based on Wiśniewski et al. 2011.
Waste code Type of waste Industry branch
02 01
Waste from agriculture, horticulture, hydroponic cultivation, forestry, hunting and fishing
Agricultural waste 02 02 Waste from the preparation and processing of
food products of animal origin Poultry and meat industry
02 03
Waste from preparation and processing of Waste of plant origin, including Fruit, vegetables, cereal, edible oils, cocoa, coffee, tea waste and the waste from preparation and processing of tobacco, yeast and yeast extract production, waste from preparation and fermentation of molasses
(excluding 02 07)
Potato industry
Fruit & Vegetables Industry Rapeseed oil
Fat industry
02 04 Waste from the sugar industry Sugar industry
02 05 Waste from dairy industry Dairy industry
02 06
Waste from the production of alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages (except coffee, tea and cocoa)
Yeast, beverage and spirits industry