Factor de seguridad para el análisis de fatiga de la Paleta

The Spaniards integrated into the Filipino society their religion, language, customs, arts, and sciences. The Church and State inseparably carried out Spanish policy in the country. When the Spaniards came into the country, they destroyed the carved idols out of wood and stone because these artworks were regarded as abominable to the faith.

To a great extent, the Spanish Catholic missionaries were able to remodel Filipino culture and society. The Spanish authorities clustered the Filipino population into village settlements where they could more easily be instructed. Since most secular colonial officials had no intention of living far from home, the friars took on the roles as the King's representatives and interpreters of government policies in the countryside. Spanish urbanization was centered in the city of Manila, within a walled city called Intramuros.

Infrastructure showing Spanish domination in the country, such as massive colonial churches, convents, schools, roads, bridges, and the bahay na bato at kahoy (Antillian stone and wood houses) were constructed. Initially, buildings during the Spanish era were of thatch and bamboo. After accidental fires that hit some of them, stones, wood, bricks, and tiles were used for construction.

Structurally, the bahay na bato at kahoy also known as bahay na mestiza (or mixed, because wood and stone were blended together), perpetuated the features of the pre-Hispanic bahay na kubo. The ground floor was used for storage and for parking vehicles.

Habitation took place upstairs with specific rooms for guests (azotea and sala), dining (comedor), cooking (cocina), and sleeping (cuarto).

The Spaniards imposed the feudal system and created towns and estates by converging the people through reduction, referring to the resettlement of inhabitants in Spanish-style poblaciones - or at least - bajo de las campanas (within hearing distance of the church bells).

The Spanish model for a poblacion (town center) was organized around a rectangular plaza, with the church (the most important structure of the plaza complex) and convent on one side, bounded by

the tribunal or municipio, and by the houses of Spanish officials and principales (elite). The presence of principalia residences in the plaza complex reflected the existence of socioeconomic ascendancy.

Spanish society had always stressed "purity" of blood in indicating societal rank. At the top of the social pyramid were the espanoles, with both Spanish parents, which included the espanoles peninsulares (born in the Spanish peninsula) and the espanoles insulares or Filipinos (born in the colony).

Below the espanoles were the mestizos and mestizas - the children of an espanol and an indio or india. The term mestizo referred to the mestizos de sangley or Chinese mestizos, while Spanish mestizos were called mestizos de espanol.

Constituting the majority of the population were the indios or indios naturales, pertaining to the natives of the Philippines without Spanish or

I hinese ancestry. Generally, the Spanish colonizers believed that the indios k could not comprehend more than the basic knowledge.

The ceremonial splendour of the Roman Catholic Church aroused the admiration of the natives. More representatives of various religious orders such as the Augustinians, Dominicans, Franciscans, and Jesuits came to the Philippines after Legazpi's expedition. The first bishop of Manila was Fray Domingo de Salazar, a member of the Order of Preachers (OP). He was succeeded by Fray Ignacio de Santibanez, a Franciscan priest who became the first Archbishop of Manila.

The territory of the old Archdiocese of Manila covered the civil provinces of Nueva Ecija, the Southern half of Tarlac, Zambales, Pampanga, Bulacan, Rizal, Cavite, Batangas, Laguna, and the islands of Mindoro and Marinduque. Pope Clement VIII on August 26,1595, established the Diocese of Nueva Segovia in Lal-lo, Cagayan. In the same year, the Diocese of Nueva ^: Caceres in Camarines Sur and the Diocese of Cebu (cradle of Christianity ' in the Philippines) were also established. Consequently, the missionaries learned local dialects and introduced the Roman alphabet.

By the 16^lh century, there were Filipinos like Tomas Pinpin (the first Filipino printer), who became conversant with the Spanish language. He wrote the first published Tagalog book titled Librong Pag-aaralan nang manga Tagalog nang uicang Castila (Book

that the Tagalogs Should Study to Learn Spanish) for the benefit of unlettered Filipinos in the Spanish language.

Basic education was rendered by parochial schools, established primarily for religious instruction. The first one was established in Cebu. In 1582, Archbishop Domingo de Salazar ordered that every town was to have one school for boys and one for girls. Attendance was made compulsory. Parents paid the teachers' salaries. The subjects taught were catechism, reading and writing in the dialect, music, the rudiments of arithmetic, and trades and industries.

Education was still in the early stage of development during the Spanish period. Even by the late 19^th century, the Spanish language was still unknown to a great majority. They were literate in their own native dialects. The Spanish aristocracy tried to distinguish themselves from the indios with the use of language and level of education.

Higher education was established exclusively for the Spaniards and Filipinos, referring to those born in the colony to Spanish parents. Colleges and universities were closed to indios.

(The natives were only allowed in these institutions after 200 years of colonial rule).

The Jesuits in Manila founded the first college for boys in 1589. It was originally called College of Manila (for the scholastics), and later changed to College of San Ignacio. In 1621, it was elevated to the rank of a university by Pope Gregory XV and was named University of San Ignacio. However, this

school was closed in I7h8 when the Jesuits were expelled from the country. In 1601, the Colegio de San Jose also under the Jesuits, was established.

In 1611, Fray Miguel de Benavides, the third archbishop of Manila established the Colegio de Nuestra Senora del Santissimo Rosario, later renamed Universidad de Santo Tomas (in 1645 by Pope Innocent X).

The Dominican order that administered Colegio de Santo Tomas also established the Colegio de San Juan de Letran to take care of orphaned Spanish boys.

The girls were also given special education. Schools were of two kinds: the colegio, which is a regular school for girls; and the beaterio, a combined school and nunnery. The first college for girls in the Philippines was the College of Santa Potenciana (1594). After the

school ceased its operations, the students transferred to College of Santa Isabel, now the oldest existing college for girls in the country.

The institution was originally built to care for orphaned Spanish girls. Eventually, it became an exclusive school for the daughters of affluent Spaniards.

In 1621, the Franciscan nuns established the Real Monasterio de Santa Clara (now St. Claire Convent of Manila), the first nunnery in the Philippines. In 1694 the Beaterio de la Compania de Jesus, which was directed under the Jesuits was founded by Mother Tgnacia del Espiritu Santo, a Filipina nun. This was a school established to accommodate Filipino girls, the indias. Mother Ignacia's spirit of poverty, humility, penance, confidence in God and charity became the distinguishing mark of the beatas (resident pupils). The beatas had extended their apostolate to education. The beaterio has developed into the Congregation of the Religious of the Virgin Mary (R.V.M.) of the 20^th century.

- Primary education consisted of courses in reading, writing, arithmetic, religion; geography, the history of Spain, the Spanish language, vocal music; and agriculture for boys and needlework for girls. The girls were taught basic education, as well as religion, needlework, painting, and music.

Academic reforms were later on implemented, after the Spanish government conceded to its growing demand. The Educational Decree, dated December 20, 1863 introduced a system of public education that opened opportunities to Filipinos for higher learning.

It ordered the establishment of an educational system consisting of elementary, secondary, and collegiate levels. It also provided for the establishment of normal schools to train teachers. The Board of Public Instruction was likewise created to supervise the schools. The decree also provided for the use of Spanish as the language of instruction, starting at the elementary level.

The Escuela Normal (Normal School) for the training of male teachers for elementary instruction, was delegated to the Jesuits. It was inaugurated in 1865. In 1893, it became the Normal Superior, which trained teachers of secondary courses.

Schools for the arts were also built aside from these regular schools. Archbishop Juan A. Rodriguez founded the Escuela de Tiples in 1743. The institution was to provide elementary education and offer courses in vocal and instrumental performance. In the late

19^th century, the school was able to pattern its plan of study after the Conservatory of Music in Madrid.

Damian Domingo founded the Academy of Fine Arts, the first school in painting in Manila in 1820. With this, he was called the

"Father of Filipino Painting."

The Academia de Dibujo y Pintura (Academy of Drawing and Painting) was founded in 1824. Some of its students were sent by the government to pursue higher studies in Madrid, Rome, and Paris.

In the 19^th century, various technical schools were established like the School of Mercantile Accounting and Modern Languages, patterned after the Commercial School in Barcelona. Commerce was introduced as a three-year vocational course, with the degree of perito to be earned by the student after studying.

Mechanics and other vocational courses were offered in secondary instruction leading to the bachillerato en artes. After finishing the course, the students could take examinations for the title of perito mecanico (mechanical expert). Surveying was also introduced as a vocational course, which conferred the degree of perito agrimensor to its graduates.

It was in 1860, that a nautical school was opened upon orders of the queen. It was placed under the commander of the fleet. After four years, the student was to board a ship. The degree of piloto de marina mercante was to be given after the training.

The seeds of vocational education were sown by the early Spanish missionaries who taught the natives better methods of farming, the cultivation of foreign plants like indigo, corn, cotton and wheat, and various crafts like printing, carpentry, masonry, and dyeing.

The early missionaries were also the first to establish a printing press in the Philippines. Books were being printed by xylographic method, using engraved wood blocks. The earliest book printed was the Doctrina Christiana en lengua espaiiola y tagala (1593), written by Fray Juan de Oliver. This catechetical book sought to explain the importance of Christ, chastity, and devotion to God in the vernacular.

At the beginning of the 19^th century, the pasion was the prevalent form in print. Written in verse and chanted during Lent, it depicted the life and passion of Jesus Christ. The first Tagalog pasion was written by Caspar Aquino de Belen. It was published in 1704.

The second written pasion titled Casaysayan ng Pasiong Mahal ni

Jesucristong Panginoon Natin na Sucat Ipag-alab ng Sinomang Babasa (The Story of the Holy Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ that Should Inflame the Heart of the Reader, circa 1814) was preferred over the lirst one. It was also known as Pasyong Genesis. This version was edited by Father Mariano Pilapil (circa 1758-circa 1818) and published by the Imprenta de Santo Tomas. It was later translated into several native dialects.

During the first half of the 19^,h century Jose de la Cruz was the most prominent poet in the oral tradition. He was said to have written many literary pieces in elegant Tagalog language. Among them were: Doce Pares de Francia; Bernardo Carpio; and, Adela at Florante. He was popularly known as Husefig Sisiw because whenever zealous writers approached him for guidance in their verses, he required them to bring sisiw (chick) as payment.

Pedro Bukaneg, the blind poet who wrote the popular Ilocano epic, Lam-Ang, was hailed as the "Father of llocos Literature." Among the Tagalogs, Francisco Balagtas (later dubbed as the Prince of Tagalog Poets) became popular with his poetical pieces particularly, Florante at Laura.

Momentous feasts and events like the arrival of a new Spanish official also meant stage presentations. The first recorded drama was staged in Cebu in 1598, a comedia written by Vicente Puche. It was performed in honor of Msgr. Pedro de Agurto, Cebu's first bishop.

Christian victory over the Muslims was depicted with a linambay (moro-moro in Tagalog) in 1637.

At the end of the 17^th century, the first theater was established in Intramuros, Manila, known as Teatro Comico. At the turn of the 19^th century, the zarzuela, a Spanish one-act opera with satirical theme became popular in the country. These stage plays were performed at fiestas where townfolks eagerly watch so as not to miss the gala presentation.

In the field of music, the Sampaguita composed by Dolores Patemo became popular. The first music teacher to win distinction in Philippine history was Geroriimo de Aguilar, a Franciscan missionary.

In 1811, the first newspaper in the country appeared in Manila, which was the Del Superior Govierno (Of the Supreme Government) with Governor General Manuel Gonzalez de Aguilar as editor.

In the field of science, the first scientists in the Philippines were the Spanish friars. Fr. Manuel Blanco, the "Prince of Botanists/"

wrote Flora de Filipinas, which was published in 1837. This book identified 1,200 kinds of plants in the country. The first sundials in the country were built in 1871 at Tagudin, llocos Sur by Fr. Juan Sorolla, a Spanish Augustinian.

Father Marcial Funcia Ramos introduced the first iron printing press in the Philippines in 1847. He also initiated the use of better paper such as papel de kilo (linen paper), instead of rice paper and Chinese paper. George Oppel, a German, introduced lithography in the country in 1858.

Transported through galleons (huge Spanish trading ships) were plants like corn, cassava, sweet potato, cotton, maguey, indigo, achuete, tobacco, cacao, peanut, tashew nut, pineapple, avocado, pepper, squash, tomato, lima bean, turnip, and eggplant. The Spaniards also brought to the Philippines some animals like horses, cow, sheep, and goats.

The galleon ships were used to ferry the cargoes via Pacific Ocean to Acapulco, Mexico were brought into the Philippines by Asian traders from China, Japan, India, Siam (now Thailand), Moluccas, and other nearby places. Manila became an important port for the galleons. The galleon would be carrying minted coins or silver bullion and products of Mexico on its return.

The galleon trade was a government monopoly, however, the Chinese merchants outnumbered the Spanish and Filipino traders in selling their goods mainly silk textiles and porcelain to Mexico. The Chinese formed an economically important community in Manila by the 1590s but years later were given restrictions. When the galleon trade ended in 1815, Philippine trade was opened to the world, but links to Latin America weakened.

The financing of the galleon trade was made possible primarily through the Obras Pias, the earliest banking institution in the country. The funds were donated by rich people for charitable purposes. Later, the friars had the funds given as loans to businessmen at various rates of interest. The friars were also able to borrow from die government. Unfortunately, they were not able to pay back the government resulting in the bankruptcy of the national treasury.

In 1717, Governor General Fernando Manuel de Bustamante compelled the friars to return the money they borrowed from the government. This however, only resulted to his death in 1719 in the

hands of an angry mob, agitated by his stringent rules against the members of the church.

The Spanish government also attempted to introduce economic reforms in the country, through the efforts of some enlightened officials like Governor General Jose Basco y Vargas. Governor Basco implemented series of reforms not only to promote economic development but also to make the country independent of subsidy from Mexico. He envisioned large-scale production of silk, cotton, tobacco, spices, and sugarcane; the application of scientific knowledge to Philippine agriculture and industry and the growth of foreign trade on the basis of Philippine natural resources.

Governor General Basco (1778-87) founded the Sociedad Economica de los Amigos del Pais (Economic Society of the Friends of the Country) in Manila on April 26, 1781. The society helped much in the agricultural development of the country. In 1824, importation of martines (birds) from China was made to fight the locusts that were destroying Philippine crops. The society also offered prizes for best agricultural projects and techniques developed. In 1853, Candido Lopez Diaz, a Filipino, was awarded for his invention of a machine cleaning hemp fibers.

In 1861, the society established the tirst .igi n ultural school in Manila. It introduced the cultivation of tea, cotton, poppy, and mulberry trees. Large tracts of land in Camarines were planted of mulberry trees to feed

silkworms.

Upon Governor Basco's recommendation, King Charles III issued a royaT decree in 1780 establishing a government monopoly in the Philippines that took effect in 1782. Thus, the government established monopolies on

tobacco, wine, gunpowder, playing cards, and among others.

The tobacco monopoly raised much money for the colonial government but resulted to the abuses of some crooked Spanish officials. They often cheated the farmers in the payment of their produce. The farmers on the other hand cultivated more than what was required and hid their excess tobacco to be sold in the black market. In 1882, Governor General Fernando Primo de Rivera abolished the monopoly. Private firms took control of the tobacco business.

Governor General Felix Berenguer de Marquina succeeded Governor Basco. His first official act was the demolition of nipa

houses in the city of Manila, which to him was an ugly sight and can even cause fire. He also ordered the abolition of indulto de comercio (license to trade), which gave the alcalde mayor (provincial governor) the privilege to control the prices of goods in his province.

Monopolies on playing cards, gunpowder, and wine were also abolished. He established the minting of money in the country to prevent the outflow of gold.

In 1842, Don Sinibaldo de Mas, an economist, w^Tas sent by Spain to the Philippines to make an economic survey of the country.

In his report, he made the following recommendations: first, the opening of more Philippine ports to world trade; second, the encouragement of Chinese immigration in the country to stimulate agricultural development; and third, the abolition of the tobacco monopoly.

The opening of the Philippines to world trade resulted to a great demand for its products in the world market. This brought about the need of machinery for massive production. The first steam machine for hulling rice was introduced in 1836 by Eulogio de Otaduy. Then a few years later, Nicholas Loney, a British merchant, introduced the first steam machine for hulling sugar in Negros.

The end of the galleon trade together with Spain's involvement in the Napoleonic Wars (1799-1858), reduced the large-scale importation of fabrics. This became beneficial to the local weaving industry.

The most important materials used in weaving were cotton, abaca, silk, and pina. Sinamay or pinukpok is made from beaten abaca fibers, which were extensively woven in Camarines, Albay, Panay,

The most important materials used in weaving were cotton, abaca, silk, and pina. Sinamay or pinukpok is made from beaten abaca fibers, which were extensively woven in Camarines, Albay, Panay,