Table 4.23a: Association between overweight/obesity and age group
Overweight/Obesity Total X2 p-value
Age group Yes no (%) No no (%) No (%)
<50 49 (71.0) 20 (29.0) 69 (32.9) 4.3716 0.0185
≥50 79 (56.0) 62 (44.0) 141 (67.1)
Total 128 82 210 (100)
df=1
Male Female
Total
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Overweight/Obese
Normal
Male Female Total
88
There was a statistical significant association between overweight/obesity and age group in the direction of those < 50 years (X2=4.3716, p< 0.02). This was confirmed by Logistic regression shown in Table below.
Table 4.23b: Association between overweight/obesity and age group
Test Statistic D.F. P-Value Likelihood Ratio 4.4716 1 0.0345
4.3.2 Association between Overweight/obesity and Gender Table 4.24a: Association between overweight/obesity and gender
Overweight/obesity Total X2 p-value
Gender Yes no(%) No no(%)
Female 90 (68.2) 42 (31.8) 132 (62.9) 7.8041 0.003 Male 38 (48.7) 40 (51.3) 78 (37.1)
Term
Odds Ratio
95% C.I. Coefficient S. E.
Z-Statistic
P-Value agegrooup (<50/>=50
- 90)
1.9228 0.2805 0.9642 -0.6538 0.3149 -2.0758 0.0379
CONSTANT * * * 0.8961 0.2653 3.3772 0.0007
89
Total 128 82 210
df=1
There was a statistical significant association between overweight/obesity and gender in the direction of the female gender (X2=7.8041, p<0.003). This was confirmed by logistic regression shown below.
Table 4.24b: Association between overweight/obesity and gender
4.3.3 Association between overweight/obesity and marital status Table 4.25a: Association between overweight/obesity and marital status
Overweight/obesity Total X2 p-value
Term Odds Ratio 95% C.I. Coefficient S. E. Z-Statistic P-Value
gender (F/M) 2.2556 0.2493 0.7883 -0.8134 0.2937 -2.7700 0.0056 CONSTANT * * * 0.7621 0.1869 4.0785 0.0000
Test Statistic D.F. P-Value
Likelihood Ratio 7.7541 1 0.0054
90 Marital
status
Yes no(%) No no(%)
Currently Married
103 (64.4) 57 (35.6) 160 (76.2) 3.3075 0.037
Currently unmarried
25 (50) 25 (50) 50 (23.8)
Total 128 82 210
df=1
There was a statistical significant association between overweight/obesity and marital status in the direction of those currently married (X2=3.3075, p<0.037). This association was lost after logistic regression as shown below.
Table 4.25b Association between overweight/obesity and marital status
Term
Odds Ratio
95% C.I. Coefficient S. E.
Z-Statistic
P-Value married
/unmarried)
1.8070 0.9510 3.4334 0.5917 0.3275 1.8067 0.0708
CONSTANT * * * 0.0000 0.2828 0.0000 1.0000
Test Statistic D.F. P-Value
91
4.3.4 Association between overweight/obesity and place of residence
Table 4.26: Association between overweight/obesity and place of residence
Overweight/obesity Total X2 p-value
Residence Yes no(%) No no(%)
Urban 108 (63.2) 63 (36.8) 171 (81.4) 1.8819 0.09 Rural 20 (51.3) 19 (48.7) 39 (18.6)
Total 128 82 210
df=1
There was no association between overweight/obesity and place of residence (X2=1.8819, p
>0.05).
Likelihood Ratio 3.2551 1 0.0712
92
4.3.5 Association between overweight/obesity and Education Table 4.27a: Association between overweight/obesity and Education
Overweight/obesity Total X2 p-value
Education Yes no(%) No no(%)
None 42 (50.6) 41 (49.4) 83 (39.5) 8.0621 0.0447 Primary 36 (75.0) 12 (25) 48 (22.9)
Secondary 16 (66.7) 8 (33.3) 24 (11.4) Tertiary 34 (61.8) 21 (38.2) 55 (26.2)
Total 128 82 210
df=3
There was a statistically significant association between Overweight/obesity and educational level (X2=8.0621, p < 0.05). This is confirmed by Logistic regression shown in the table below.
Table 4.27b: Association between overweight/obesity and educational level
Term Odds Ratio 95% C.I. Coefficient S. E. Z-Statistic P-Value edu (pri/none) 2.9286 1.3396 6.4024 1.0745 0.3991 2.6925 0.0071
93
4.3.6 Association between overweight/obesity and occupation Table 4.28a: Association between overweight/obesity and occupation
Overweight/obesity Total X2 p-value
Occupation Yes no(%) No no(%)
Skilled 33 (64.7) 18 (35.3) 51(24.3) 14.3466 0.0008 Unemployed 31(43.7) 40 (56.3) 71 (33.8)
Unskilled 64 (72.7) 24 (27.3) 88 (41.9)
128 82 210
df=2
There was a statistically significant association between overweight/obesity and occupation among the study subjects in the direction of those with skilled or unskilled occupations (X2=14.3466, p <
0.0008). This association was confirmed by logistic regression shown below.
Table 4.28b: Association between overweight/obesity and occupation
edu (sec/none) 1.9524 0.7539 5.0561 0.6690 0.4855 1.3781 0.1682 edu (ter/none) 1.5805 0.7899 3.1624 0.4577 0.3539 1.2935 0.1958 CONSTANT * * * 0.0241 0.2195 0.1098 0.9126 Test Statistic D.F. P-Value
Likelihood Ratio 8.2320 3 0.0415
Term Odds
Ratio 95% C.I. Coefficient S. E. Z-Statistic
P-Value occupation
(skilled/unemp) 2.3656 0.2014 0.8873 -0.8610 0.3783 -2.2760 0.0228
94
4.3.7 Association between overweight/obesity and number of children.
Table 4.29a: Association between overweight/obesity and number of children
Overweight/obesity Total X2 p-value
Children Yes No
<3 17 (77.3) 5 (22.7) 22 (10.5) 2.7502 0.049
>3 111 (59.0) 77 (41.0) 188 (89.5)
Total 128 82 210 (100)
df=1
There was a significant association between Overweight/obesity and number of children in the direction of those with < 3 children (X2=2.7502, p < 0.05). This association was lost after logistic regression shown below.
Table 4.29b: Association between overweight/obesity and number of children occupation
(unskilled/unemp) 3.4409 1.773 6.6788 0.3747 0.3783 0.9904 0.0002
CONSTANT * * * 0.6061 0.2930 2.0686 0.0038
Test Statistic D.F. P-Value
Likelihood Ratio 14.3295 2 0.0008
95
4.3.8 Association between overweight/obesity and alcohol intake Table 4.30: Association between overweight/obesity and alcohol intake
Overweight/Obesity Total X2 p-value
Alcohol intake
Yes no(%) No no(%)
Yes 16 (64.0) 9 (36.0) 25 (11.9) 0.1107 0.3768
No 112 (87.5) 73 (89.0) 185 (88.1)
Term Odds
Ratio 95% C.I. Coefficient S. E. Z-Statistic
P-Value havechildrenlessthan3
(Yes/No) 2.3586 0.8353 6.6599 0.8580 0.5296 1.6201 0.1052
CONSTANT * * * 0.3657 0.1483 2.4659 0.0137
Test Statistic D.F. P-Value
Likelihood Ratio 2.9408 1 0.0864
96
Total 128 82 210 (100)
df=1
There was no statistically significant association between alcohol intake and overweight/obesity (X2=0.1107, p > 0.05).
4.3.9 Association between overweight/obesity and cigarette smoking Table 4.31: Association between overweight/obesity and cigarette smoking
Overweight/obesity Total Fisher’s
exact test
97
Smoking Yes No
Yes 0 2 (100) 2 (1) 0.1513
No 128 (61.5) 80 (38.5) 208 (99)
Total 128 82 210 (100)
df=1
There was no statistically significant association between overweight/obesity and smoking (Fisher’s exact test > 0.05).
4.3.10 Association between overweight/obesity and consumption of refined diets
98
Table 4.32a: Association between overweight/obesity and consumption of refined diets Overweight/obesity Total X2 p-value
Refined diets Yes no(%) No no(%)
Daily 18 (94.7) 1 (5.3) 19 (9.0) 59.6676 0.0000 Occasionally 83 (80.6) 20 (19.4) 103 (49)
Rarely 27 (30.7) 61 (69.3) 88 (41.9)
Total 128 80 210 (100)
df=2
There was a statistically significant association between overweight/obesity and consumption of refined diets in the direction of daily consumption of refined diets(X2= 59.6676, p < 0.0001). This association was confirmed by logistic regression shown below.
Table 4.32b: Association of overweight/obesity and consumption of refined diets
Term Odds
Ratio 95% C.I. Coefficient S. E. Z-Statistic
P-Value refineddiet (occ/very
rare) 9.3759 0.0291 0.8296 -1.4673 1.0568 -1.3884 0.0004 refineddiet
(daily/very rare) 40.667 0.0031 0.1936 -3.7054 1.0527 -3.5198 0.0000
CONSTANT * * * 2.8904 1.0271 2.8142 0.0049
Test Statistic D.F. P-Value
99
4.3.11 Association between overweight/obesity and regular exercise Table 4.33: Association between overweight/obesity and regular exercise
Overweight/obesity Total Fisher’s exact test
Regular Exercise
Yes no(%) No no(%)
Yes 7 (58.3) 5 (41.7) 12 (5.7) 0.5367
No 121 (61.1) 77 (38.9) 198 (94.3)
Total 128 82 210 (100)
df=1
There was no statistically significant association between overweight/obesity and regular exercise (Fisher’s exact test=0.5367).
Likelihood Ratio 63.2213 2 0.0000
100
4.4 HEALTH RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE OF OVERWEIGHT/OBESE