Factores Sociodemográficos

KMar Police Munipalities OM Other important partners in _{the process}

IND KvK ISZW NGOs

het CCV CoMensha Amnesty Fairwork Social sector Fier Healthcare organizations Housing cooperatives Schools EMM LIEC/RIEC

The Royal Marechaussee (KMar)

The KMar is part of the Dutch Defence system, and is one of the services of the armed forces (R1). The main task is to guard borders, ports, airports and public spaces to provide security in the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The KMar has the legislative task of tackling human smuggling, whereas the police have the legislative task of tackling human trafficking. The Dutch government is recently discussing the role of the KMar in human trafficking. At the moment, the KMar only has a signalling role, in which signals of human trafficking are directed to Expertise Centre for Human Smuggling and Human Trafficking (EMM). However, in airports the KMAR holds all police tasks and responsibilities. In terms of cooperation, the KMar has close ties with the police on a national3, but also on international level (see next paragraph). In addition, the KMar is actively participating in joint task forces, such as FRONTEX and EMPACT (a European multidisciplinary approach to tackle human smuggling) on an international level (R1).

Police

The Dutch police has the legislative task and responsibilities to tackle and prosecute human trafficking (R2). Therefore, the police play an important role in the tackling of human trafficking. The police focus on all types of human trafficking, although, the main group of victims are from the sex industry (R2). The police have special teams with detectives deployed within the sex industry. The main task is starting investigations and providing surveillance from within the sex industry. The Dutch police is a unified organization, although it is divided within 11 regional units. The different regions enhance different issues and tactics, but there is great unity and cooperation on national, regional and local levels (Politie, 2017). On an international level, the police, in cooperation with the KMar, installed a liaison network, which means that the police have liaison partners within the major origin countries. Via this network, information can be shared more easily and cooperation is enhanced with the countries in the field of human trafficking.

Municipalities

Next to the police and the KMar, the municipalities also play an important role in the tackling of human trafficking (R5). First of all, the municipalities have a main responsibility to take

3 _{Since the 1}st _{of December 2017, the KMar and the police has started a one-year project in which closer} cooperation is fostered. Capacities will be combined and sometimes investigations will be transferred to each other. The main aim is to register all the signals and investigations.

A network as means to tackle human trafficking 33 care of the victims (Lenferink, 2015). Furthermore, the municipalities have a duty to provide public order within a city. In addition, the recent coalition agreements stress a greater role in the prevention of human trafficking by reporting signals structurally to RIEC (Rutte, Van Haersma Buma, Pechtold, & Segers, 2017). Municipalities have important capabilities to detect human trafficking at an early stage. They place guards on the street, and they have the authority to actively control sex brothels, and houses of possible victims in order to detect signals of human trafficking. Furthermore, municipalities can take administrative measures to punish the criminal which could abolish the need for prosecution. Examples of such measures are the revoking of licenses and closing of buildings which are in being operated by criminals. One of the key objectives of the municipalities is the provision of an integrated approach on human trafficking (R5).

The Expertise Centre for Human Smuggling and Human Trafficking (EMM).

The EMM consists of cooperation between the police, the KMar, the IND, and ISZW (R3; Rijksoverheid, 2017). Those four organizations have representatives working at the EMM. The EMM receives the signals regarding the suspicion of human trafficking. The main aim is to bring all those signals together in order to create a more complete picture. When sufficient signals are gathered about a case, it will be forwarded to public prosecution. The public prosecution will then decide on whether or not to start an investigation. The EMM is an important actor on this topic as it combines all sources of information on important levels, and fosters exchange of expertise between the different actors.

Regional Information and Expertise Centre (RIEC)

The RIEC is an organization which aims at stimulating cooperation and information-sharing between the different actors in the field of human trafficking (R4). In addition, they aim at raising awareness within society for the need to tackle crimes such as human trafficking. The RIECs have the ability to bring various partners together on a local level. Via RIEC covenants, information is shared easily between the different partners, they facilitate the sharing of information between the partners (Inspectie Veiligheid en Justitie, 2016). The RIEC is more focused at an administrative level such as municipalities, whereas the EMM has the police and the KMar as its main partners. Furthermore, RIEC clearly facilitates and promotes an integrated approach between the different partners in the field (R4).

A network as means to tackle human trafficking 34 The Centre for Crime prevention and Safety (CCV)

The CCV is a private organisation which advises on how to deal with criminal activities within the country (R6). Their advice is mainly addressed to the management of municipalities with whom they have close contact. Furthermore, they cooperate closely with the Ministry of Justice and Safety and the RIEC. In addition, an interesting initiative of the CVV, in collaboration with the RIEC, is the e-learning. This program raises awareness for the problems posed to civil servants, especially in municipalities. The program gives civil servants a basic training on what the signals of human trafficking are. Those people often get in touch with victims without them knowing that those people are victims.

Other important actors

IND (Immigration and Naturalization Service) is a specialized organization for migrants, and cannot be excluded in the process of signalling human trafficking (IND, 2017). The IND decides migrants’ legal status upon entry. In addition, they are indispensable in the aftermath of a complaint by taking care of the victims by providing them with legal status4.

ISZW (Inspection of Social Affairs and Employment) is an essential actor in the detection process of human trafficking (R3). The main task is to control the employment sector, predominately things such as bad working conditions et cetera. This inspection committee can detect signals of human trafficking in the employment sector (ISZW, 2017). Other actors do not have the power to check on those signals in companies, which means that they have special expertise.

Social health services The role of social health services is crucial for taking care of the victims. As those organizations often have essential information regarding cases, it is essential to include them in the process of detecting cases (Lenferink, 2015). Care coordinators bring judicial, municipal and care partners together in order to provide care and improve cooperation (R5).

NGOs NGOs play an essential role in the process of tackling human trafficking. An example is CoMensha, who collects all registrations of victims of human trafficking, coordinates the care for victims and advises important partners on how to deal with human trafficking. Another example is FairWork, who advises, trains and raises awareness of human trafficking in society, in the employment sector and within governmental institutions. NGOs are part of the process of tackling human trafficking and work closely with the government.

4_{The B8-regulation offers victims a term of three months to file a complaint in exchange for legal status in the}

A network as means to tackle human trafficking 35

4.2T

(N

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H

T

B

In Brazil, human trafficking is seen as a significant problem. In 2000, Brazil signed the Palermo Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking of People, supplementing the United Nationals Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, which demonstrated the political will to become more involved in the tackling of human trafficking (UNODC, 2000).

4.2.1 THE NATIONAL APPROACH AND POLICIES ON TACKLING OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING

After the ratification of the UN Convention, Brazil introduced a Nacional Policy (Ministério da Justiça, 2007), which lead to Plan I and Plan II on National Tackling of Trafficking of People (Secretaria Nacional de Justiça, 2013; Secretaria Nacional de Justiça, 2008). This entails clear objectives and actions which have to be taken by Brazil on tackling human trafficking. The governmental fight on human trafficking in Brazil is divided between federal, state and municipal levels. In the first National Plan for the combatting of Trafficking of People, 8th priority is the promotion of cooperation between federal, state and municipal levels. In addition, the actors should take responsibility in cooperating on the issue of human trafficking (Secretaria Nacional de Justiça, 2008). In order to implement the National Policy and Plans, the Nucleus for tackling human trafficking and Postos Avançados were installed. The Núcleo de Enfrentamento ao Tráfico de Pessoas (Nucleus for Tackling of Human Trafficking) is an organisation that works in close collaboration with the government to carry out the National Plan of combatting the trafficking of people. It supervises and supports the implementation of policies regarding human trafficking (NETP-RJ, 2017). The Comitê Nacional de Enfrentamento ao Tráfico de Pessoas (the national committee for tackling human trafficking) is the umbrella for the actions that need to be taken in order to implement the plan, and brings all the important partners together. Furthermore, the Postos Avançados (Advanced Posts of Humanized Service of Migrants) are the responsible actors for detecting trafficking at the borders, and they provide direct services to victims. Next to that, the government also promotes the cooperation with social organizations, NGOs and IOs (Secretaria Nacional de Justiça, 2013; NETP-RJ, 2017). In addition, on a national level the Defensoria Publica de União (Public Defender of the Union), collaborates closely with the different ministries and the federal police in order to provide a stable approach to human trafficking (R9). Due to different levels (federal, state and municipal) and the involvement of a wide range of actors (see Table 3), the Brazilian network is very complex; it is also hard to get a clear picture of each actor’s exact role in the process.

4.2.2THE MAIN ACTORS AND THEIR ROLES IN THE PROCESS OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING

Table 3: Framework of Brazilian actors on tackling human trafficking

Overview actors tackling human