Work, Energy and power are some of the more important topics of mechanics in classical physics.
A car moving, a rocket taking off, an aero plane flying, are a few of the events which take place regularly and can give us insight into the concept of Work and Energy. These are some of the common sense notions of work and energy - which can however be precisely defined and measured in physics.
These definitions and measurement can be used consistently to describe and predict the behavior of bodies.
Work is related to energy as they are inter-convertible and also the sums of them are conserved in Newtonian Physics. Power is a step further which defines the rate of change of energy flow.The examples based on this are very easy and can be seen even in day to day life.
Work:-
Work is said to be done if a force, acting on a body, displaces the body through a certain distance and the force has some component along the displacements. Thus, work is done when the point of application of a force moves.It is defined as the product of magnitude of displacement and the component of the force along the displacement.
Power:-
Energy:-
Energy is the ability of the body to do some work. The unit of energy is same as that of work.
The chapter is important not only because it fetches 3-4 questions in most of the engineering examination but also because it is like a linking pin to the previous and other forthcoming chapters of Mechanics.
Work:-
Work is said to be done if a force, acting on a body, displaces the body through a certain distance and the force has some component along the displacements. Thus, work is done when the point of application of a force moves.
Work Done by a Constant Force:-
Consider a body experiencing a force F in a direction inclined at an angle θ with the positive direction of x-axis. Let the body be displaced from A to B through a distance s.
First Definition:-
Work done is defined as the product of force and displacement.
Let be a constant force acting on a body, and let the body undergo a displacement , as shown in Figure given below, then the work done by the force is defined as,
W = . = (F cosθ)s = F(s cosθ) = Fs cosθ
Here θ is the angle between F and s.
Work done by the force is positive if the angle between force and displacement is acute (0˚<θ<90˚) as cos θ is positive. This
signifies, when the force and displacement are in same direction, work done is positive. This work is said to be done upon the body.
Second Definition:-
Work is defined as the product of magnitude of displacement and the component of the force along the displacement.
Third Definition:-
Work is also defined as the product of magnitude of force and the component of the displacement along the direction of force.
Special cases of work done by a constant force:- Case (a):-
When θ = 0, cos θ = 1
Force and displacement are in the same direction. So, W = Fs. (See figure given below)
Case (b):-
When, θ = 180°; cos θ = -1
Force and displacement are in opposite direction. So, W = -Fs. (Figure given below)
Case (c) [Zero Work]:-
When, θ = 90°; cos θ = 0
Force is perpendicular to displacement So, W = 0 (Figure given below)
Thus, when the force acts in a direction at right angle to the direction of displacement (cos90˚ = 0), no work is done (zero work).
Case (d) [Positive work]:-
When, 0° < θ < 90°; cos θ is positive.
Force has a component in the direction of displacement. So, W is positive.
Case (e) [Negative Work]:-
When, 90° < θ < 180°, cos θ is negative
Force has a component in the direction opposite to displacement. So, W is negative. (Figure given above)
Work done by the force is negative if the angle between force and displacement is obtuse (90˚<θ<180˚) as cosθ is negative. This
signifies, when the force and displacement are in opposite direction, work done is negative. This work is said to be done by the body.
Work depends on the frame of reference:-
If a person is pushing a box inside a moving train, the work done in the frame of train will be while that in the frame of earth will be , where is the displacement of the train relative to the ground.
Work done by friction may be zero, positive or negative depending upon the situation. When force applied on a body is insufficient to overcome the friction, work done by the friction force is zero. When this force is large enough to overcome the friction then, work done by the friction force is negative. When force is applied on a body that is placed above another body, the work done by the friction force on the lower body is positive.
Let us consider the situation in which a horizontal rough trolley, with a block and a man, is accelerating drawn from this. (i) In this case, work done by friction (between trolley and the block) is zero as observed by the man on trolley. (ii) Work done by friction (between trolley and the block) is positive as observed by an observer on the ground.
(iii) Work done by friction is negative as observed by an observer who is moving along the direction of motion of trolley with higher speed.
Conservative and Non-Conservative Forces:-
There are two types of forces: (i) conservative forces, and (ii) non-conservative forces.
If the work done by a force is independent of the path followed, it is called a conservative force, e.g. gravitational force, electrostatic force, etc. If the work done by a force depends upon the path followed, it is called a non-conservative force, e.g. friction, viscous force, etc.
Alternatively, work done by a conservative force in a closed loop is zero & by non-conservative forces it is not zero for a round trip.
Consider a body being moved, along an arbitrary path, by a force which continuously changes in magnitude as well as direction.
We first consider a force, acting on a body that varies in magnitude only. Assume that the magnitude of force is a function of position x that is F(x), acting in the positive x direction. We should like to find out the work done, by F in moving a body from X1 to X2. Here W
is given by
W =
The physical significance of definite integral is area under the curve.
Hence, W is nothing but Area under the curve F(x) between the lines x=x1 and x=x2 as shown in figure given below.
Now, consider that the force F changes its magnitude as well as direction from point to point. The work done by the variable force F on the body for two points on the curve a b, as the body moves from a to b will be,
Wab =
This integral is called a line integral. We can evaluate this integral and obtain the work done if we know how F and θ vary from point to point.
Dimension formula for work:-
[M1 L2T-2]
Units of work:-
The unit of work done in S.I is joule (J) and in C.G.S system is erg.
1J = 1 N.m , 1 erg = 1 dyn.cm
joule:- Work done is said to be one joule if a force of 1 newton displaces a body through a distance of 1 m along the direction of force.
1 J = (1 N) (1 m) = 1 kg m2s-2
erg:- Work done is said to be one erg if a force of 1 dyne displaces a body through a distance of 1 cm along the direction of force. 1 erg = (1 dyne) (1 cm) = 1 g cm2s-2
Relation between Joule and erg:- 1 J = 107 erg
Problem 1:-
A 5.0-kg block moves in a straight line on a horizontal frictionless surface under the influence of a force that varies with position as shown in below figure. How much work is done by the force as the block moves from the origin to x = 8.0 m?
Concept:-
The area under the force displacement curve is equal to the work is done by the force. So in the below figure, work is done by the force as the block moves from the origin to x = 8.0 m will be equal to the sum of area under each curve and the line F= 0.
Solution:-
Area under the first curve (A1 = W1) which is a rectangle having length 10 N and width 2 S will be,
W1 = (10 N) (2 s) = 20 N. s
= (20 N. s) (1 J/1 N. s) = 20 J …… (1)
Area under the second curve (A2 = W2) which is a triangle having height 10 N and base 2 S will be,
W2 = ½ (10 N) (2 s) = ½ (20 N. s)
= (10 N. s) (1 J/1 N. s) = 10 J …… (2)
There no area (A3 = 0) under the third curve, therefore the work done for the third curve (A3 = W3) will be zero.
W3 = 0 …… (3)
Area under the fourth curve (A4 = W4) which is a triangle having height -5N and base 2 S will be,
W4 = ½ (-5 N) (2 s) = ½ (-10 N. s)
= (-5 N. s) (1 J/1 N. s) = -5 J …… (4)
Thus the total work is done by the force as the block moves from the origin to x = 8.0 m will be, W = W1+ W2 + W3+ W4
= 20 J+10 J+0+ (-5 J) = 25 J …… (5)
Problem 2:-
Figure below shows a spring with a pointer attached, hanging next to a scale graduated in millimeters. Three different weights are hung from the spring, in turn, as shown. (a) If all weight is removed from the spring, which mark on the scale will the pointer indicate? (b) Find the weight W.
Concept:-
The restoring force F acting on the spring is defined as, F = -kx
Here k is the force constant and x is the elongation. So, ΔF = -kΔx
So the force constant k will be, k = - ΔF/Δx
and
the change in elongation Δx will be, Δx = - ΔF/k
Solution:-
(a) The force constant k will be, k = - ΔF/ Δx
= - [(-240 N) – (-110 N)]/[60 mm-40 mm] = 6500 N/m
Thus the change in elongation Δx with no force on the spring will be, Δx = - ΔF/k
= (-0.017 m) 103 mm/1 m)
= -17 mm
This is the amount less than the 40 mm mark, so the position of the spring with no force on it is 23 mm. (b)
To obtain the weight W, first we have to find out the change in force ΔF. Δx = -10 mm compared to the 100 N picture.
To find out ΔF, substitute -10 mm for Δx, 6500 N/m for k in the equation ΔF = -kΔx, ΔF = -kΔx
= - (6500 N/m)(-10 mm×10-3 mm/1 m)
= - (6500 N/m)(-0.010 m) = 65 N
The weight W of the last object will be, W = 110 N-65 N= 45 N
From the above observation we conclude that, the weight of the last object would be 45 N.
Problem 3:-
A 47.2-kg block of ice slides down an incline 1.62 m long and 0.902 m high. A worker pushes up on the ice parallel to the incline so that its slides down at constant speed. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the ice and the incline is 0.110. Find (a) the force exerted by the worker, (b) the work done by the worker on the block of ice, and (c) the work done by gravity on the ice.
Concept:-
Weight of the block W is defined as, W= mg
Here m is the mass of the block and g is the free fall acceleration.
Work done W on a body is equal to the applied force P on the body times displacement x of the body. W=Px
Solution:-
(a) The below figure shows a 47.2 kg block of ice slides down an incline 1.62 m long and 0.902 m high. From the above figure,
sin θ = p/h
θ = sin-1 (p/h)
= sin-1 (0.902 m/1.62 m) = 33.8
The parallel components of the weight is, WParallel = mgsin θ
And the perpendicular component is, WPerpendicular = mgcos θ
The normal force on the ice is, N=WPerpendicular
So the frictional force f will be, f= µk mgcosθ
Here µk is the coefficient of kinetic friction, m is the mass and g is the free fall acceleration.
The push required to allow the ice to slide down at constant speed is then found by noting that P=WParallel -f.
Then the force exerted by the worker will be, P=WParallel -f
= mgsin θ- µk mgcosθ
= mg(sin θ- µk cosθ)
To obtain the force exerted by the worker, substitute 47.2 kg for m, 9.81 m/s2 for g, 33.8 for θ, 0.110 for µ k in the
equation P= mg(sin θ- µk cosθ),
P= mg(sin θ- µk cosθ)
= (47.2 kg)( 9.81 m/s2)[ sin (33.8 ) - 0.110 cos(33.8 )]
=(215 kg.m/s2) (1 N/1 kg.m/s2)
=215 N
From the above observation we conclude that, the force exerted by the worker will be 215 N.
(b) To obtain the worker done by the applied force W, substitute 215 N for P and -1.62 m for x in the equationW=Px, W=Px
=(215 N)(-1.62 m) = (-348 N.m) (1 J/1 N.m) = -348 J
Thus the worker done by the applied force W would be -348 J. (c) The work done W by the force gravity will be,
W=mgx cos(90-θ)
To obtain the work done W by the force gravity, substitute 47.2 kg for mass m, 9.81 m/s2 for g, 33.8 for θ and 1.62 m for x in the
equation W=mgx cos(90-θ), W=mgx cos(90-θ) =(47.2 kg)( 9.81 m/s2)(1.62 m) cos(90-33.8 ) =(47.2 kg)( 9.81 m/s2)(1.62 m) cos(56.2) =(417 kg.m2/s2) (1 J/1 kg.m2/s2) =417 J
From the above observation we conclude that, the work done W by the force gravity will be 417 J.