2.10.1 INTRODUCTION
All activities or tasks undertaken in our organisation represent a potential risk to many aspects of the business and in particular to health, safety and environment. It is recognised that in undertaking an industrial activity risk can never be eliminated,
however, we must always mange risk to a level that is as low as reasonably practicable.
In other words, we must reduce the risk to a level that is acceptable. The Company uses many techniques to analyse risk at various levels. In this section the tools are provided to allow structured analysis of risk and allow methods to be put in place to ensure minimisation of the risk.
Further Information
ADNOC_COPV4-01 FRAMEWORK OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY RISK MANAGEMENT. Section 3
2.10.2 WHAT SHOULD BE RISK ASSESSED?
In theory all tasks undertaken on a day to day basis requires risk assessment however many of these tasks are of such low risk that there is no need to document how the risk is controlled. In ADGAS maintenance and other activities are controlled by the permit to work system and other risks by procedures and standing instructions. In producing a permit, a procedure or a S.I. the author is going through the thought process of a risk assessment in developing the controls.
The tools provided in this section allow a structured approach to be taken to risk assessment that will document the thought process involved in controlling a particular risk. Whilst task risk assessment can be utilised for all tasks only the tasks perceived to be high-risk by management or employees need be tasks risk assessed. Examples of tasks that are likely to require risk assessment are: -
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· Use of cranes lifting over live lines/plant.
· Working over water.
· Work on live flare systems.
· Activities that have been known to cause serious accidents/incidents.
· Tasks with high hazard potential to people, assets, environment or reputation. (listing of these activities can be found in Chapter 2 Section 2.9.1 of ADGAS Safety Case document which is available in the Public folder “All Public Folders/ HSEMS Supporting Documents/ ADGAS Safety Case”
However assessments should not only be restricted to the above list, experience and judgement should be utilised to decide if a task needs to be risk assessed.
2.10.3 WHAT IS RISK?
Risk is defined as the product of the measure of the likelihood of occurrence of an undesired event and the potential adverse consequences which this event may have on:
· People – injury or harm to physical or psychological health.
· Assets (or revenue)– damage to property (assets) or loss of production.
· Environment – water, air, soil, animals, plants and social.
· Reputation – employees and third parties.
Risk can be measured in strict mathematical terms, however, for the purpose of tasks risk assessment the assessment will be entirely qualitative, utilising the qualitative risk matrix in Figure 2-5. The assessment will require experience and judgement.
2.10.4 TASK RISK ASSESSMENT TEAM
The task risk assessment is the type of assessment that requires to utilise the knowledge and experience of a small multi-disciplinary team. A small competent team will produce much more useful and realistic tasks risk assessment than a large team of people who only partly understand the work to be undertaken. The suggested optimum size for such a team is around four typically consisting of:
· HSED Member
· Production Div. Member
· Engineering Div. Member
· Job Officer ( person who will lead the work)
The actual team members will depend on the work to be assessed, for example if the work was in the laboratory then a member of Engineering Division will be more appropriate than a Production Division member. An HSED member will always be present to guide HSE input and further technical expertise can be co-opted to the team as required.
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If additional support is required from Das Fire Rescue Team, then the Job Officer must ensure that Fire Rescue Team member is present during the Task Risk Assessment.
2.10.5 CONDUCTING THE RISK ASSESSMENT
The first step is for the full assessment team to visit the proposed worksite and to be briefed by the job officer on how the work will be carried out. Any procedures or documentation should also be available for review. The idea of the site visit is for the team to gather information and get a full picture of how the work will be carried out and an indication of the hazards present, and the hazards to the process plant that may arise whilst the task is being carried out. As an aid-memoire the hazard checklists in Error!
Reference source not found. can be utilised at this stage to help identify potential hazards.
On completion of the site visit, the task risk assessment team can conduct the remainder of the assessment primarily in an office-based environment. The procedure, work plan or method statement should be reviewed by the team and the HSE Task Risk
Assessment Form in Error! Reference source not found. completed by:
· Listing each activity in the activity column.
· Listing the associated hazards identified from site visit or discussions that are associated with each activity.
· List the relevant associated effects (or “type of harm”) associated with each hazard.
· The team should then utilise the qualitative risk matrix and using their combined experience and judgement to rate the severity (guidance for levels of severity are given in Figure 2-5) of each effect on the Scale 1 to 5 (Negligible to Catastrophic).
The probability should also be rated on the Scale A to E.
· The risk can then be stated as the product of probability and severity e.g. A.5. which from the qualitative risk matrix can be seen to fall in the medium risk (M) region.
2.10.6 THE QUALITATIVE RISK MATRIX
The qualitative risk matrix can be used for many applications e.g. accident/incident investigation categorisation and in this case for pre-work risk assessment.
As described above the task risk assessment team will have assessed the probability and severity of the various activities in the task being studied. This will result in the risk falling into one of three categories which require to be treated in deferent ways, i.e.:
2.10.6.1 HIGH RISK
This is intolerable and work should not be undertaken unless steps can be taken to minimise risk and move it into the medium or low risk category.
2.10.6.2 MEDIUM RISK
In this area the risk can be tolerable provided every effort is made to minimise the risk to as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP) by putting minimisation measures in place.
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2.10.6.3 LOW RISK
This is considered an acceptable level of risk for industry.
2.10.7 MINIMISING THE RISK
On completion of the evaluation of the initial risk level at either high or medium the team should now develop ideas or measures that will reduce the risk to as low as reasonably practicable. The “risk reduction measures” will normally be extra controls that will be put in place to result in risk reduction.
The team should then assess the final risk on implementation of the risk reduction measures to either medium (ALARP) or to low and then slate final assessment as either acceptable or not acceptable.
2.10.8 CLOSING THE RISK ASSESSMENT LOOP
The risk assessment should be given a unique reference number from the HSED – Index of Risk Assessments, controlled by the SOSE. Copies of the completed form should be sent to all Team members and a copy to the SOSE for central filing. The completed risk assessment forms should be used to incorporate the risk reduction measures into the procedures or other methods of work control. Any lessons learnt from the implemented control measures should be passed to the SOSE for future reference.
2.10.9 IMPLEMENTATION OF TRA RECOMMENDATIONS
Control measures to minimise risk as identified in the TRA must be communicated to all employees on site in order for ensuring safety at the work site. These measures must be communicated to employees in the form of job specific tool box talk (HSE talk) prior to commencement of the work being performed.
The Tool Box Talk (HSE talk) subject must address the hazards of the work being performed.
Should conditions on the work site change which introduces new hazards that are not addressed in the Task Risk Assessment (TRA) then work should be suspended and the Safety Engineer informed. Safety Engineer and Job Officer will then discuss and decide the need for a further TRA and if required then Job Officer should reconvene the new TRA.
Worked Example
For guidance and as a point of illustration see Figure 2-7 and Figure 2-8 for completed risk assessment form.
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PROBABILITY
A B C D E
SEVERITY PEOPLE ASSETS ENVIRONMENT REPUTATION
Has occurred
damage Massive effect International impact
4. Severe
Single fatality or permanent total disability
Major damage Major effect National impact HIGH RISK
3. Critical Major injury or
helath effects Local damage Localised effect Considerable
impact MEDIUM RISK (ALARP)
2. Marginal Minor injury or
health effects Minor damage Minor effect Minor impact
1. Negligible Slight injury or
health effects Slight damage Slight effect Slight impact LOW RISK
Figure 2-5: Qualitative Risk Matrix
Detailed breakdown of consequences for the Health Risk Management Categories Table 2-1: People
Severity Description
5 Multiple fatalities - from an accident or occupational illness (poisoning, cancer).
4 Single fatality or permanent total disability - from an accident or occupational illness (poisoning, cancer).
3 Major injury or health effects (including Permanent Disability) – Affecting work performance in the longer term, e.g. prolonged absence from work. Irreversible health damage without loss of life, e.g. noise induced hearing loss, chronic back injuries.
2 Minor injury or health effects –Affecting work performance, e.g.
restriction to activities (restricted work case –RWC) or need to take a time off work to recover (lost time incident – LTI). Limited,
reversible health effects, e.g. skin irritation, food poisoning.
1 Slight injury or health effects (incl. first aid case –FAC and medical treatment case –MTC). Not affecting work performance or causing disability.
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Table 2-2: Assets
Severity Description
5 Extensive damage - Substantial or total loss of operation (costs in excess of US$10,000,000).*
4 Major - Partial operation loss (2 weeks shutdown, costs up to US$10,000,000).*
3 Local damage - Partial shutdown (can be restarted but costs up to US$500,000).*
2 Minor damage - Brief disruption (costs less than US$100,000).*
1 Slight damage - No disruption to operation (costs less than US$10,000)*.
These losses in US$ are meant as guidance only. Individual ADNOC Group Company may use more appropriate figures provided they are within the above quoted limits.
Table 2-3: Environment
Severity Description
5 Massive effect - Persistent severe environmental damage or severe nuisance extending over a large area. In terms of commercial or recreational use or nature conservation, a major economic loss for the company. Constant, high exceedance of statutory or prescribed limits.
4 Major effect - Severe environmental damage. The company is required to take extensive measures to restore polluted or damaged environment to its original state. Extended exceedance of statutory or prescribed limits.
.3 Localised effect - Limited loss of discharges of known toxicity.
Repeated exceedance of statutory or prescribed limit. Affecting neighbourhood Spontaneous recovery of limited damage within one year.
2 Minor effect - Contamination. Damage sufficiently large to attack the environment. Single exceedance of statutory or
prescribed criterion. Single complaint. No permanent effect on the environment.
1 Slight effect - Local environmental damage. Within the fence and within systems. Negligible financial consequences.
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Table 2-4: Reputation
Severity Description
5 International impact - International public attention. Extensive adverse attention in international media. National/ international policies with potentially severe impact on access to new areas, grants of licenses and/ or tax legislation.
4 National impact - National public concern. Extensive adverse attention in the national media. Regional/national policies with potentially restrictive measures and/ or impact on grant of licences.
Mobilisation of action group.
3 Considerable impact - Regional public concern. Extensive adverse attention in local media. Slight national media and/ or local/ regional political attention. Adverse stance of local government and/ or action groups.
·.2 Limited impact - Some local public concern. Some local media and/or political attention with potentially adverse aspects for company operations
1 Slight impact - Public awareness may exist, but there is no public concern
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Table 2-5: Hazards associated with plant and equipment (including non-powered plant and hand tools)
CATEGORY TYPE OF HARM EXAMPLES OF HAZARD Mechanical Trapping (crushing, drawing
in and shearing injuries)
Two moving parts or one moving part and a fixed surface
Conveyor belt and drive Vee belt and pulley Power press
Impact (includes puncture) Something that may strike or stab someone or can be struck against Moving vehicle Contact (Cutting, friction or
abrasion)
Something sharp or with a rough surface
Knife, chisel, saw, etc.
Blender blade Circular saw blade Sanding belt Abrasive wheel Hover mower blade Entanglement (rotating parts) Drill chuck and bit
Power take off shaft Pipe threading machine Abrasive wheel
Ejection (of work piece or part of tool)
Cartridge tool
Thicknessing machine Using hammer and chisel Abrasive wheel
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CATEGORY TYPE OF HARM EXAMPLES OF HAZARD Electrical Shock/burn/fire/explosion
Ignition sources
Electricity above 240v Electricity - 240v Electricity- 110vCTE Extra low volt electricity Static
Batteries Pressure Release of energy
(Explosion/injection/implosion Stored energy Flying/Failing materials Springs under tension
Springs under compression Hoist platform/lift cage Conveyor tension weight Raised tipper lorry body Counterweight
Load carried by crane Thermal Burns/fires/scalds/frostbite Hot surface
Using blow lamp
Noise Hearing loss, tinnitus, etc. Noise > 85 dB(A)L EP,d Vibration Vibration white finger, whole
body effects
Pneumatic drill Operation of plant
Stability Crushing Inadequate crane base
Fork lift truck on slope Machine not bolted down Mobile Scaffold too high Scaffold not tied
Overload/defectiv e due to
mechanical failure
Crushing Crane overload
Chain sling Eye bolt overload Scaffold overload Hopper overfill
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Table 2-6: Hazards associated with materials and substances
CATEGORY TYPE OF HARM EXAMPLES OF HAZARD FIRE/EXPLOSIO
N Combustion
Burns Timber stack
Coal store
Burns Oxygen enrichment
Flammable
Burns Organic peroxide
Potassium permanganate
Highly flammable gas in confined space
Dust explosions Burns Coal dust
Wood dust
Aluminium powder Flour
Table 2-7: Health Hazards
CATEGORY TYPE OF HARM EXAMPLES OF HAZARD HEALTH
HAZARDS Corrosive/irritatin g materials
Skin effects Sulphuric acid
Caustic soda
Man made mineral fibre
Particles Lung effects Asbestos fibres
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CATEGORY TYPE OF HARM EXAMPLES OF HAZARD Silica dust Fumes Acute and chronic effects on
health (Local and systemic effects)
Lead fume Rubber fume Asphalt fumes Vapours Acute and chronic effects on
health Gases Acute and chronic effects on
health
Carbon monoxide Hydrogen sulphide Carbon disulphide Sulphur dioxide Mists Acute and chronic effects on
health
Oil mist
Printing ink mist Water – legionelia Asphyxiants Acute and chronic effects on
health
Burns to upper alimentary tract
Toxic, harmful, corrosive and irritant liquids
Poisoning All harmful aerosols
Polluted water
Contaminated food and drink Hazards by
contact
Cuts, abrasions Swarf
Rough timber Concrete blocks Burns, Frostbite Molten metal
Frozen food
Table 2-8: Hazards associated with the place of work
CATEGORY TYPE OF HARM EXAMPLES OF HAZARD Pedestrian
Access
Tripping, slipping Damaged floors Trailing cables Oil spills
Water on floors
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CATEGORY TYPE OF HARM EXAMPLES OF HAZARD Debris
Wet grass Sloping surface Uneven steps
Changes in floor level
Work at heights Falls Fragile roof
Edge of roof
Edge of mezzanine floor Work on ladder
Erecting scaffold Hole in floor Obstructions Striking against Low headroom
Sharp projections Stacking/Storing Failing materials High stacks
Insecure stacks Emergencies Trapping in fire Locked exits
Obstructed egresses Long exit route
Table 2-9: Hazards associated with the working environment
CATEGORY TYPE OF HARM EXAMPLES OF HAZARD Light (NB: Also
increases risk of contact with other hazards)
Eye strain, arc eye and cataracts Temperature Heat stress, hypothermia Work in furnace
Cold room
Confined spaces Asphyxiation, explosion, Work in tank
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CATEGORY TYPE OF HARM EXAMPLES OF HAZARD
poisoning, etc. Chimney
Pit
Basement
Unventilated room Vessel
Silo Ventilation "Sick Building Syndrome",
nausea, tiredness, etc.
Fumes Odours
Tobacco smoke Table 2-10: Hazards associated with methods of work
CATEGORY TYPE OF HARM EXAMPLES OF HAZARD Manual handling Back injury, hernia, etc. Lifting
Lowering
Live loads - animal/person Repetitive
movements
Work related upper limb disorders
Keyboard work Using screwdriver
Using hammer and chisel Bricklaying
Plucking chickens Production line tasks Posture Work related upper limb
disorders, stress, etc.
Seated work
Work above head height Work at floor level Table 2-11: Hazards associated with work organisation
CATEGORY TYPE OF HARM EXAMPLES OF HAZARD Contractors Injuries and ill health to
employees by contractors work
Work above employees Use of harmful substances Contractors' welding Injuries and ill health to
contractors' employees by
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CATEGORY TYPE OF HARM EXAMPLES OF HAZARD Organisation of
work
Injuries to employees Monotonous work Stress
Too much work Lack of control of job Work too demanding Work in public
areas
Injuries and ill health of public Trailing cables
Traffic/plant movement Obstruction to blind person Obstruction to prams, etc.
Work above public
Table 2-12: Other types of hazard
CATEGORY TYPE OF HARM EXAMPLES OF HAZARD Attack by animals Bite, sting, crushing, etc. Bees
Dog Bull Fleas Snake Attack by people Injury, illness, post trauma
stress disorder Natural hazards Various injuries, illnesses Lightning
Flash flood
Table 2-13: Hazards to Process Plant
CATEGORY TYPE OF HARM EXAMPLES OF HAZARD
Vibration Plant trip Jack hammers
Mobile cranes and equipment Portable motors and generators Dropped objects Plant damage Cranes and lifting equipment
Overhead work Scaffolding
Fire Plant damage
Production loss
Hot work
Cutting and welding Vehicle entry
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Figure 2-6: HSE Task Risk Assessment Form
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Figure 2-7: Example of Completed HSE Task Risk Assessment (i)
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